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Related Concept Videos

Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

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For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
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In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
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Understanding the motion of particles is a fundamental aspect of classical mechanics, and the choice of the coordinate system plays a pivotal role in unraveling the complexities of their dynamics.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum
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Coordinated Morphogenetic Mechanisms Shape the Vertebrate Eye.

Juan-Ramon Martinez-Morales1, Florencia Cavodeassi2,3, Paola Bovolenta2,3

  • 1Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CSIC/UPO/JA), Seville, Spain.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|January 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Vertebrate eye formation involves conserved gene networks but precise optic cup morphogenesis remains unclear. New imaging and organoid models reveal similarities and differences in eye development across species.

Keywords:
cell movementcell shapeeye developmentmorphogenesispatterningretina pigment epithelimvertebrates

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Extensive research has defined gene regulatory networks controlling vertebrate eye development, showing significant conservation.
  • The precise morphogenetic events forming the optic cup from the anterior neural plate are not fully understood.
  • Comparisons of eye shape morphogenesis across vertebrates are limited, with potential species-specific variations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding vertebrate eye morphogenesis.
  • To highlight similarities and differences in eye development across vertebrate species.
  • To explore the integration of cell shape changes, morphogenetic, and patterning mechanisms in eye assembly.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing advanced imaging techniques to observe eye formation in living vertebrate embryos.
  • Employing organoid cultures to study tissue morphogenesis in less accessible species.
  • Synthesizing findings from molecular, genetic, and imaging studies.

Main Results:

  • Gene regulatory networks governing eye development are highly conserved among vertebrates.
  • Specific morphogenetic steps, particularly optic cup formation, show variations and require further investigation.
  • Cell shape dynamics play a crucial role in shaping the developing eye.

Conclusions:

  • While core gene networks are conserved, vertebrate eye morphogenesis involves both common principles and species-specific adaptations.
  • Integrating imaging and organoid models provides new insights into the complex process of eye assembly.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the interplay of genetic, cellular, and tissue-level mechanisms in eye formation.