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The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
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Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Isogenic Kidney Glomerulus Chip Engineered from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Structural Features of an OR37 Glomerulus: A Comparative Study.

Anna-Maria Maier1, Heinz Breer1, Jörg Strotmann1

  • 1Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.

Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
|January 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The olfactory bulb

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory System Research
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • The olfactory bulb (OB) processes sensory information through complex neuronal networks.
  • Research has focused on OB layers, with less attention on individual odorant receptor (OR) specific glomeruli.
  • Glomeruli processing distinct odorants may possess specialized neuronal networks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare structural features and cell types in the periglomerular (PG) region of three distinct OR-specific glomeruli.
  • To investigate glomeruli for OR37A (OR37 subsystem), OR18-2 (class I), and OR256-17 (class II) receptors.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of glomerulus size and size variability across different OR types.
  • Quantification of surrounding PG cells, including NeuN+ and GAD65+ neurons.
Keywords:
OR37calbindincalretininglomeruliolfactory bulbparvalbuminperiglomerular cells

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  • Analysis of calcium-binding protein expression (parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin) in PG cells.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant differences observed in glomerulus size and size variability, with OR37A glomeruli showing stable size.
    • Number of surrounding PG cells strongly correlated with glomerulus size.
    • Proportions of NeuN+ and GAD65+ cells were similar across glomerulus types, but PV+, CB+, and CR+ cell numbers varied significantly.

    Conclusions:

    • Odorant receptor-specific glomeruli exhibit distinct structural characteristics.
    • The periglomerular region surrounding each glomerulus type contains a unique cellular composition.
    • These findings suggest specialized neuronal networks associated with different odorant receptor glomeruli in the olfactory bulb.