Brain Photobiomodulation Therapy: a Narrative Review.

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Biomedical Engineering
• Photomedicine

Background:

• Brain photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy utilizes red to near-infrared (NIR) light for neurological and psychological conditions.
• PBM therapy targets mitochondrial complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase), enhancing ATP synthesis and cellular energy.
• Light absorption by ion channels triggers calcium release, activating transcription factors and gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the current preclinical and clinical evidence on the efficacy of brain PBM therapy.
• To explore the mechanisms of action for PBM in neurological applications.
• To discuss challenges and alternative methods for light delivery in brain PBM.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing scientific literature on brain PBM therapy.
• Analysis of preclinical studies (animal models) and clinical trials (human studies).
• Examination of different light delivery techniques (transcranial, intracranial, intranasal).

Main Results:

• Brain PBM enhances neuronal metabolic capacity, promoting anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant effects.
• Evidence suggests PBM supports neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, crucial for brain repair and function.
• Therapeutic potential is noted for dementia, Parkinson's disease, stroke, brain trauma, and depression.

Conclusions:

• Brain PBM therapy shows significant promise for treating a variety of neurological and psychological disorders.
• Optimizing light delivery remains a key challenge, with intracranial and intranasal methods offering potential solutions.
• Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the therapeutic applications and efficacy of brain PBM.