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Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.

Types of Chemical Bonds

Types of Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and formation of different bonds. Chemical bonding is central to chemistry; it explains how atoms or ions bond together to form molecules. It explains why some bonds are strong and others are weak, or why one carbon bonds with two oxygens and not three; why water is H2O and not H4O.

Types of Chemical Bonds

Types of Chemical Bonds

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Ionic liquid chemically bonded basalt fibers for in-tube solid-phase microextraction.

Juanjuan Feng¹, Huijun Mao¹, Xiuqin Wang¹

¹Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction and Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, P. R. China.

Journal of Separation Science

|January 13, 2018

Summary

A new method uses modified basalt fibers for in-tube solid-phase microextraction, enabling sensitive online analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples.

Keywords:

basalt fibers ionic liquids online analysis polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons solid-phase microextraction

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Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids

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Published on: August 10, 2016

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Paired with Total Vaporization Solid-Phase Microextraction as a Forensic Tool

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Paired with Total Vaporization Solid-Phase Microextraction as a Forensic Tool

Published on: May 25, 2021

Area of Science:

Analytical Chemistry
Environmental Science

Background:

Ionic liquids offer unique properties for various applications.
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a common sample preparation technique.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an online enrichment and analysis method for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
To utilize chemically bonded ionic liquids on basalt fibers for in-tube SPME.

Main Methods:

Preparation of 1-methyl-3-(3-trimethoxysilyl propyl)imidazolium chloride.
Chemical bonding of the ionic liquid onto basalt fibers.
Online coupling of in-tube SPME with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD).

Main Results:

Achieved good enrichment factors (52-814).
Demonstrated good linearity (0.10-15 and 0.20-15 μg/L).
Obtained low limits of detection (0.03-0.05 μg/L) and quantitation (0.10-0.20 μg/L).
Analyzed real groundwater and wastewater samples with relative recoveries of 80.4-116.8%.

Conclusions:

The developed online in-tube SPME-HPLC-DAD method is effective for PAH determination.
Modified basalt fibers offer a promising material for microextraction applications.