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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

Published on: December 17, 2019

Potential immunotherapies for sarcoidosis.

Van Le¹, Elliott D Crouser¹

¹a Department of Medicine , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus , OH , USA.

Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy

|January 13, 2018

Summary

Sarcoidosis treatments are limited by efficacy and side effects. Novel therapies targeting M1/M2 macrophage polarization offer potential for improved sarcoidosis management and fibrosis prevention.

Keywords:

Sarcoidosis fibrosis immunotherapy inflammation macrophage mechanism therapeutic treatment

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Pulmonology
Rheumatology

Background:

Sarcoidosis is a chronic, multisystem granulomatous inflammatory disease of unknown etiology.
Current sarcoidosis therapies often exhibit limited efficacy, adverse effects, and high costs.
Lung involvement is common, but sarcoidosis can affect multiple vital organs and tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current concepts in sarcoidosis pathogenesis.
To explore how disease mechanisms can inform the development of novel sarcoidosis treatments.
To focus on potential therapeutic strategies beyond current standard care.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on sarcoidosis pathogenesis and therapeutic targets.
Analysis of macrophage polarization pathways (M1 and M2) in the context of sarcoidosis.
Evaluation of potential novel therapeutic agents targeting immune modulation.

Main Results:

Current treatments primarily target M1 (pro-inflammatory) pathways.
M2 polarization is associated with fibrosis, suggesting its inhibition as a therapeutic target.
Simultaneous modulation of M1/M2 polarization may be necessary for effective sarcoidosis treatment.

Conclusions:

Novel sarcoidosis therapies should consider targeting M2 polarization to prevent fibrosis.
Restoring immune homeostasis may require balancing M1 and M2 pathways to promote M0 macrophages.
Developing effective sarcoidosis treatments necessitates a deeper understanding of immune dysregulation.