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Related Concept Videos

Instantaneous Velocity - II01:10

Instantaneous Velocity - II

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Instantaneous velocity is the quantity that measures how fast an object is moving along its path. In other words, the instantaneous velocity of an object is the limit of the average velocity as the elapsed time approaches zero, or the derivative of displacement with respect to time. Like average velocity, the instantaneous velocity is a vector with the dimensions of length per unit time. Instantaneous velocity can have both positive and negative values. The instantaneous velocity can be...
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Instantaneous Acceleration01:16

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Acceleration is in the direction of the change in velocity, but it is not always in the direction of motion. When an object slows down, its acceleration is opposite to the direction of its motion. Although commonly referred to as deceleration, this causes confusion in our analysis as deceleration is not a vector, and does not point to a specific direction with respect to a coordinate system. Therefore, the term deceleration is not used. For example, when a subway train slows down, it...
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Instantaneous Power01:22

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Instantaneous power is important in electrical circuits, mainly when dealing with sinusoidal input. Instantaneous power, denoted as p(t), results from the multiplication of the instantaneous voltage (v(t)) across an element and the instantaneous current (i(t)) flowing through it. This relationship adheres to the passive sign convention and represents a fundamental principle in electrical engineering.
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Instantaneous Velocity - I01:15

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The average velocity during a time interval cannot tell us how fast or in what direction a particle is moving at any given time during the interval. To calculate this, it is important to know the instantaneous velocity, which is the velocity at a specific instant of time or at a specific point along the path. Instantaneous velocity is the quantity that measures how fast an object is moving along its path. In other words, the instantaneous velocity vx of an object is the limit of the average...
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Instantaneous Center of Zero Velocity01:20

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General plane motion, often observed in a rolling wheel, refers to a type of movement where the wheel is simultaneously rotating and translating. This complex motion can be understood by breaking it down into individual components.
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Average and Instantaneous Velocity Vectors01:12

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To calculate other physical quantities in kinematics, the time variable must be introduced. The time variable not only allows us to state where an object is (its position) during its motion, but also how fast it’s moving. The speed at which an object is moving is given by the rate at which the position changes with time. For each position, a particular time is assigned. If the details of the motion at each instant are not important, the rate is usually expressed as the average velocity v.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Fabrication of White Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells with Stable Emission from Exciplexes
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Instantaneous one-angle white-light scatterometer.

Claude Amra, Myriam Zerrad, Simona Liukaityte

    Optics Express
    |January 13, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a novel white light scatterometer for flexible roughness characterization. The technique eliminates mechanical motions and wavelength scans, offering immediate, high-resolution surface analysis.

    Area of Science:

    • Optical Engineering
    • Surface Metrology
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Surface roughness is a critical parameter influencing material properties and performance.
    • Traditional scatterometry techniques often involve complex mechanical movements and wavelength scanning, limiting flexibility and speed.
    • Accurate and efficient characterization of surface topography is essential across various scientific and industrial fields.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a novel white light scatterometer design.
    • To demonstrate a technique for immediate and flexible characterization of surface roughness.
    • To eliminate the need for mechanical motions and wavelength scans in scatterometry.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a white light scatterometer operating at a unique scattering direction.

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  • Implementation of a method that bypasses the requirement for mechanical sample/detector movements.
  • Utilization of broadband white light illumination without wavelength scanning.

    • Main Results:

    • The developed scatterometer provides immediate characterization of surface roughness.
    • The technique offers high flexibility in analyzing surface topography.
    • No loss of resolution is observed compared to conventional methods despite the simplified approach.

    Conclusions:

    • The novel white light scatterometer enables rapid and flexible surface roughness analysis.
    • Eliminating mechanical motions and wavelength scans simplifies the measurement process.
    • This technique offers a promising alternative for efficient surface metrology applications.