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Metacognition is a conscious process where individuals are aware of their cognitive and executive processes, such as planning before solving a problem or self-monitoring during reading. For instance, a writer may need help with composing a piece. The situation involves a writer who is working on a piece of writing, but while doing so, they realize that something is missing. They notice that their characters lack depth or details. This realization occurs because the writer is reflecting on their...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments
13:00

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

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Consistency, not speed: temporal regularity as a metacognitive cue.

Lisa M Stevenson1, Richard A Carlson2

  • 1Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, 439 Moore Bldg., University Park, PA, 16802, USA. LMS152@psu.edu.

Psychological Research
|January 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Skilled performance relies on temporal regularity, not speed, for monitoring. Consistent timing enhances confidence by creating a feeling of fluency, even if accuracy doesn't always improve.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Metacognition
  • Human Performance

Background:

  • Skilled performance monitoring is crucial for learning and adaptation.
  • Fluency, often linked to speed, may also relate to temporal regularity or rhythmicity.
  • Metacognitive judgments, like confidence, guide performance adjustments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if skilled performance is monitored based on temporal regularity (fluency) rather than speed.
  • To determine if temporal variability serves as a metacognitive cue for confidence.
  • To explore the relationship between task timing, performance accuracy, and confidence.

Main Methods:

  • A sequential counting task was used to represent multi-step skilled performance.
  • Participants completed tasks under conditions of regular and irregular timing.
  • Confidence ratings and accuracy were measured, with dissociation explored in Experiment 2.

Main Results:

  • Regular timing led to higher confidence ratings compared to irregular timing.
  • Accuracy and confidence were both higher under regular timing conditions in one experiment.
  • A dissociation between accuracy and confidence under different timing conditions supported the fluency monitoring hypothesis.

Conclusions:

  • Skilled performance monitoring appears to rely on perceived fluency, defined by temporal regularity.
  • Consistent timing enhances metacognitive confidence by creating a subjective feeling of fluency.
  • Temporal regularity serves as a metacognitive cue influencing confidence judgments independently of absolute accuracy.