Structure, function and evolution of the hemerythrin-like domain superfamily

Hemerythrin-like proteins have generally been studied for their ability to reversibly bind oxygen through their binuclear nonheme iron centers. However, in recent years, it has become increasingly evident that some members of the hemerythrin-like superfamily also participate in many other biological processes. For instance, the binuclear nonheme iron site of YtfE, a hemerythrin-like protein involved in the repair of iron centers in Escherichia coli, catalyzes the reduction of nitric oxide to nitrous oxide, and the human F-box/LRR-repeat protein 5, which contains a hemerythrin-like domain, is involved in intracellular iron homeostasis. Furthermore, structural data on hemerythrin-like domains from two proteins of unknown function, PF0695 from Pyrococcus furiosus and NMB1532 from Neisseria meningitidis, show that the cation-binding sites, typical of hemerythrin, can be absent or be occupied by metal ions other than iron. To systematically investigate this functional and structural diversity of the hemerythrin-like superfamily, we have collected hemerythrin-like sequences from a database comprising fully sequenced proteomes and generated a cluster map based on their all-against-all pairwise sequence similarity. Our results show that the hemerythrin-like superfamily comprises a large number of protein families which can be classified into three broad groups on the basis of their cation-coordinating residues: (a) signal-transduction and oxygen-carrier hemerythrins (H-HxxxE-HxxxH-HxxxxD); (b) hemerythrin-like (H-HxxxE-H-HxxxE); and, (c) metazoan F-box proteins (H-HExxE-H-HxxxE). Interestingly, all but two hemerythrin-like families exhibit internal sequence and structural symmetry, suggesting that a duplication event may have led to the origin of the hemerythrin domain.