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Related Concept Videos

Subatomic Particles03:37

Subatomic Particles

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Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.
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The Nucleosome Core Particle02:10

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Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
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The Nucleosome Core Particle01:12

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Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
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Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP02:36

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Chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP, is an antibody-based technique used to identify sites on DNA that bind to transcription factors of interest or histone proteins. It also helps determine the type of histone modifications such as acetylation, phosphorylation, or methylation.
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The ideal-gas equation, which is empirical, describes the behavior of gases by establishing relationships between their macroscopic properties. For example, Charles’ law states that volume and temperature are directly related. Gases, therefore, expand when heated at constant pressure. Although gas laws explain how the macroscopic properties change relative to one another, it does not explain the rationale behind it.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

A Microfluidic-based Hydrodynamic Trap for Single Particles
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Particle-based immobilized enzymatic reactors in microfluidic chips.

Adam Kecskemeti1, Attila Gaspar1

  • 1Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., Debrecen 4032, Hungary.

Talanta
|January 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Particle-based microchip immobilized enzyme reactors (IMERs) offer advantages in miniaturized analysis. This review covers their applications, particularly in high-throughput proteomic studies with mass spectrometry.

Keywords:
Enzyme immobilizationEnzyme reactorMicrofluidicParticleProtein digestion

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A Microfluidic Chip for ICPMS Sample Introduction
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Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

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A Microfluidic Chip for ICPMS Sample Introduction
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A Microfluidic Chip for ICPMS Sample Introduction

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Immobilized enzyme reactors (IMERs) are widely used due to reusability, stability, and specificity.
  • Microchip IMERs offer advantages over traditional systems, especially in miniaturized analytical applications.
  • Particle-based microchip IMERs are a key focus, utilizing micro- or nanoparticles as supports.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review particle-based microchip immobilized enzyme reactors (IMERs).
  • To discuss challenges in incorporating particles into microchips for IMERs.
  • To explore various detection systems and applications of microchip IMERs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on particle-based microchip IMERs.
  • Discussion of particle incorporation techniques for microchip fabrication.
  • Analysis of detection methods, including on-chip and off-chip arrangements.
  • Examination of applications in conjunction with mass spectrometry (MS).

Main Results:

  • Microchip IMERs, especially particle-based ones, are crucial for efficient microreactor operation.
  • Incorporating nanoparticles into microchips presents fabrication challenges.
  • Microchip IMERs coupled with MS enable high-throughput proteomic analysis and sample pretreatment.
  • Diverse applications include rapid protein digestion, signal amplification, and biosensor design.

Conclusions:

  • Particle-based microchip IMERs are vital for advanced analytical techniques.
  • Overcoming fabrication challenges will further enhance microchip IMER applications.
  • Integration with MS significantly accelerates proteomic research.
  • IMERs are versatile tools for diagnostics, biosensing, and biochemical analysis.