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Related Concept Videos

Elements and Compounds01:27

Elements and Compounds

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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond.
Elements
Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units. They are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot break down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions. There...
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Periodic Classification of the Elements04:00

Periodic Classification of the Elements

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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Classification of Elements and Compounds02:54

Classification of Elements and Compounds

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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond. Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units.
Compounds are pure substances composed of two or more elements in fixed, definite proportions. Compounds are classified as ionic or molecular (covalent) based on the bonds...
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Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes02:31

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

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A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is used to indicate one atom of mercury (microscopic domain) or to label a container of many atoms of the element mercury (macroscopic domain).
Some symbols are derived from the common English name of the element; others are abbreviations of the name in another language — Latin, Greek or German. For example, the symbol for aluminum (common name)...
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Key Elements for Plant Nutrition02:35

Key Elements for Plant Nutrition

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Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
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The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements00:57

The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements

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Overview
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Practical Considerations in Studying Metastatic Lung Colonization in Osteosarcoma Using the Pulmonary Metastasis Assay
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Positively selected enhancer elements endow osteosarcoma cells with metastatic competence.

James J Morrow1,2, Ian Bayles2, Alister P W Funnell3

  • 1Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

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|January 16, 2018
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Summary

Metastatic variant enhancer loci (Met-VELs) drive gene expression crucial for osteosarcoma lung metastasis. Targeting Met-VELs and their associated genes offers a promising strategy for antimetastatic therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genomics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Metastasis involves distinct tumor cell traits separate from tumorigenesis.
  • Enhancer elements play a critical role in acquired metastatic phenotypes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the contribution of enhancer elements to osteosarcoma's metastatic potential.
  • Identify and characterize novel regulatory regions associated with metastasis.

Main Methods:

  • Epigenomic profiling of primary and metastatic osteosarcoma tumors and cell lines.
  • Identification and analysis of metastatic variant enhancer loci (Met-VELs).
  • Functional validation through pharmacologic BET inhibition, transcription factor knockdown, and gene inhibition (e.g., F3).

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in enhancer activity observed between primary and metastatic osteosarcoma.
  • Met-VELs identified as key drivers of gene expression during lung metastasis.
  • Targeting Met-VEL-associated gene expression, AP-1 transcription factors, or F3 inhibited osteosarcoma lung metastasis.
  • Genetic deletion of a specific Met-VEL at the F3 locus impaired metastatic outgrowth.

Conclusions:

  • Met-VELs and their regulated genes are functionally implicated in osteosarcoma metastasis.
  • Met-VELs represent potential therapeutic targets for antimetastatic strategies.