Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 15, 2026

A Rehabilitation Program of Exoskeleton-assisted Body Weight-Supported Treadmill Training with Non-immersive Virtual Reality for Stroke Patients
Published on: May 16, 2025
Rhythmic arm swing integrated into treadmill training in patients with chronic stroke: A single-subject experimental
Tae-Woo Kang1, Duck-Won Oh2, Ji-Hyun Lee3
1a Department of Physical Therapy , Wonkwang University School Of Medicine & Hospital , Iksan , Jeollabuk-do , Republic of Korea.
Abstract:
Normal walking includes coordinated and controlled movement of the legs and arms. However, patients following stroke often present with inappropriate motor control which limits coordinated movement patterns of the affected limbs. This study aimed to compare the effects of rhythmic arm swing and arm fixation during treadmill walking in patients with poststroke hemiparesis. We used an alternating study design with multiple baselines across subjects. Three patients with chronic stroke participated in this study. During treadmill walking, rhythmic arm swing and arm fixation conditions were alternately applied. Outcome measures included the 10-meter walk test (10MWT) and energy expenditure index (EEI). In the intervention phase, all subjects showed significantly greater improvements in the 10MWT and EEI scores for rhythmic arm swing condition compared to those for arm fixation condition (p < 0.05). 10MWT improvement rates: Subject 1-34.81% vs. 15.75%; Subject 2-40.00% vs. 17.95%; and Subject 3-38.08% vs. 21.85%; and EEI improvements: Subject 1-23.19% vs. 14.08%; Subject 2-26.15% vs. 20.43%; and Subject 3-22.99% vs. 14.49%. These findings suggest that rhythmic arm swing is clinically feasible as a more favorable option to enhance the effects of treadmill walking training. However, larger studies with a different study design are needed to be able to make any judgment about the usefulness of the treatment.
Related Concept Videos
Bioavailability Study Design: Healthy Subjects Versus Patients
The Swing Equation
In a steady-state operation, the mechanical torque (Τm) supplied to the generator is balanced by the electrical torque (Τe)...
Actin Treadmilling
Muscles that Move the Arm
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
Cable Subjected to Its Own Weight
A generalized loading function is employed to analyze a cable subjected to its own weight. This function considers the force acting along the cable's arc length rather than its projected length, providing a more accurate...
Bioavailability Study Design: Single Versus Multiple Dose Studies

