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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Metabolic Labeling and Profiling of Transfer RNAs Using Macroarrays
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tRNA-derived small non-coding RNAs in human disease.

Lei Zhu1, Xuesha Liu1, Wenchen Pu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.

Cancer Letters
|January 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived small non-coding RNAs (tsncRNAs) are functional molecules involved in cellular processes and gene regulation. Their dysregulation is linked to human diseases, highlighting their importance.

Keywords:
CancerNon-coding RNAOncogeneTransfer RNATumor suppressor

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a key regulator in cellular metabolism and cell death, beyond its role in protein synthesis.
  • Specific endonuclease cleavage of pre- or mature tRNAs generates functional tRNA-derived small non-coding RNAs (tsncRNAs).
  • These tsncRNAs are conserved across species and play roles in stress responses and gene expression regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diversity and biogenesis of tsncRNAs in mammals.
  • To highlight the functions and mechanisms of various tsncRNA subclasses in human diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on tsncRNA diversity, biogenesis, function, and disease association.
  • Analysis of regulatory mechanisms at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
  • Focus on mammalian tsncRNAs and their role in human pathologies.

Main Results:

  • tsncRNAs are distinct functional small non-coding RNAs, not random degradation products.
  • Their regulation in response to stress is observed in diverse organisms.
  • Dysregulation of specific tsncRNAs is increasingly associated with various human diseases.

Conclusions:

  • tsncRNAs represent a significant class of regulatory ncRNAs with diverse functions.
  • Understanding tsncRNA mechanisms in disease is crucial for therapeutic development.
  • This review provides a comprehensive overview of mammalian tsncRNAs in health and disease.