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Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

33.9K
Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
33.9K
Inverting and Non-inverting OpAmps01:20

Inverting and Non-inverting OpAmps

1.9K
In an inverting amplifier, the input voltage is connected through a resistor to the inverting terminal. Meanwhile, the non-inverting terminal is grounded and a feedback resistor is established between the inverting and output terminal, as depicted in Figure 1.
1.9K
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

132.5K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
132.5K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.3K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.3K
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

50.1K
Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
50.1K
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

18.1K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
18.1K

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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Using Polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization
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Using Polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

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Polystyrene-block-Poly(ionic liquid) Copolymers as Work Function Modifiers in Inverted Organic Photovoltaic Cells.

Jong Baek Park1, Mehmet Isik2, Hea Jung Park1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University , Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|January 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Novel poly(ionic liquid) block copolymers enhance organic photovoltaic (OPV) cell performance by modifying electrode work functions. A specific copolymer achieved a 7.55% power conversion efficiency (PCE), surpassing the reference device.

Keywords:
block copolymersinterfacial layernonconjugated block polyelectrolytesorganic photovoltaic cellspoly(ionic liquids)work function modifiers

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Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Electronics
  • Photovoltaics

Background:

  • Interfacial layers are crucial for Ohmic contact in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices.
  • Common interfacial materials include inorganic oxides (ZnO, TiO2) and organic polymers (PEIE).
  • Developing new materials is key to improving OPV device efficiency and stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel poly(ionic liquid) nonconjugated block copolymers (n-CPEs).
  • To utilize these n-CPEs as work function modifiers for indium tin oxide (ITO) cathodes in inverted OPV cells.
  • To investigate the relationship between copolymer structure, ionic density, and OPV device performance.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of four polystyrene and imidazolium poly(ionic liquid) (PSImCl) based n-CPEs via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization.
  • Tuning the hydrophobic/hydrophilic ratio and ionic density by varying the PSImCl molar ratio.
  • Fabrication of inverted OPV devices with modified ITO cathodes and performance evaluation (PCE).
  • Surface characterization using contact angle measurements.

Main Results:

  • The PS29-b-PSImCl60 block copolymer as an ITO cathode modifier yielded the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.55%.
  • This achieved PCE surpassed the reference device using polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE), which had a PCE of 7.30%.
  • Contact angle measurements indicated a correlation between the controlled hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance of the block copolymers and device performance.

Conclusions:

  • Novel poly(ionic liquid) nonconjugated block copolymers are effective work function modifiers for ITO cathodes in OPV cells.
  • The ionic density and hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance of the block copolymers can be precisely tuned to optimize device performance.
  • The developed n-CPEs offer a promising alternative to conventional interfacial materials for enhancing OPV efficiency.