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Related Concept Videos

Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Electromotive Force02:36

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Electricity is generated by either electrons or ions flowing through a solution or a conducting medium. This flow of electrons or specifically electrical charge is defined as an electric current. When electrons move through a wire, they generate an electric current. It can be recalled  that in a redox reaction, electrons are lost and gained. In the spontaneous redox reaction of zinc  with copper, when zinc is immersed in a copper ion solution, a transfer of electrons from one substance to...
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Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces03:00

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces

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Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular force is influenced by the distance of separation between molecules. The forces significantly affect the interactions in solids and liquids, where the molecules are close together. In gases, IMFs become important only under high-pressure conditions (due to the proximity of gas molecules). Intermolecular forces dictate the physical properties of...
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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
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Force01:06

Force

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Forces affect every moment of our life. Our bodies are held to the Earth by force, and they are held together by the forces of charged particles. When we open a door, walk down a street, lift a fork, or touch a baby's face, we are applying force. Our body's atoms are held together by electrical forces, and the core of an atom, called the nucleus, is held together by the strongest force known to us—nuclear force.
The study of motion is called kinematics, but kinematics only...
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Two Force Member01:30

Two Force Member

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The equilibrium of a two-force body is a particular case that is often encountered in practical applications. A two-force body is a rigid body that is subjected to only two external forces. For such a body to be in equilibrium, the two forces must have the same magnitude, the same line of action, and the opposite direction.
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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Imaging Integrin Tension and Cellular Force at Submicron Resolution with an Integrative Tension Sensor
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Imaging Integrin Tension and Cellular Force at Submicron Resolution with an Integrative Tension Sensor

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Biodegradable Piezoelectric Force Sensor.

Eli J Curry1, Kai Ke2, Meysam T Chorsi2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|January 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a biodegradable piezoelectric force sensor using Poly-l-lactide (PLLA), a safe medical material. This flexible sensor accurately monitors biological pressures, offering a promising tool for regenerative medicine and implantable devices.

Keywords:
PLLAbiodegradablepiezoelectricpressuresensor

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Accurate measurement of physiological pressures is crucial for health monitoring and tissue regeneration.
  • Existing implantable pressure sensors often lack biodegradability, necessitating invasive removal.
  • There is a need for simple, biodegradable sensors made from safe medical materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a biodegradable, biocompatible piezoelectric force sensor using Poly-l-lactide (PLLA).
  • To assess the sensor's performance in measuring biophysiological forces and its suitability for implantation.
  • To explore applications in monitoring intraorgan pressures and creating self-sensing bionic systems.

Main Methods:

  • Material processing and electromechanical analysis of PLLA.
  • Fabrication of a piezoelectric force sensor using FDA-approved medical materials.
  • In vitro testing of pressure measurement (0-18 kPa) and performance in an aqueous environment for 4 days.
  • In vivo implantation in mice to monitor diaphragmatic contraction pressure.

Main Results:

  • The PLLA piezoelectric sensor precisely measures pressures within the 0-18 kPa range.
  • The sensor maintained reliable performance for 4 days in an aqueous environment.
  • Successful in vivo demonstration of monitoring diaphragmatic contraction pressure in mice.

Conclusions:

  • The developed PLLA piezoelectric sensor is a biodegradable and biocompatible solution for monitoring biological forces.
  • It offers an alternative to current biodegradable electronic devices for intraorgan pressure monitoring.
  • Potential applications include regenerative medicine, drug delivery, and advanced medical devices.