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Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...
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NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

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A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a phenomenon exhibited by certain nuclei that can absorb characteristic radio frequency radiation under certain conditions. NMR has been extensively applied in molecular spectroscopy and medical diagnostic imaging. In both these applications, the molecule or subject under study is placed in a magnetic field and irradiated with radio frequency energy.
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The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N-O and N=O bonds.
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Basic Pulse Sequences in Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Daniel Calle1, Teresa Navarro2

  • 1Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|January 18, 2018
PubMed
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses radiofrequency pulses and gradient waveforms to create images. This chapter details common spin-echo and gradient-echo sequences for various diagnostic applications.

Keywords:
Gradient echoMagnetic resonance imagingPulse sequencesSpin echo

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Physics

Background:

  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful diagnostic tool.
  • Various radiofrequency pulses and gradient waveforms are used to generate MRI images.
  • Different pulse sequences are optimized for specific clinical and preclinical analyses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the most utilized radiofrequency pulse combinations in MRI.
  • To categorize these combinations within spin-echo and gradient-echo sequences.

Main Methods:

  • Review of common radiofrequency pulse combinations.
  • Classification of sequences into spin-echo and gradient-echo groups.

Main Results:

  • Detailed presentation of frequently used radiofrequency pulse combinations.
  • Explanation of their application in spin-echo and gradient-echo sequences.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding these sequences is crucial for effective MRI application.
  • This chapter provides a foundational overview of key MRI pulse sequences.