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In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
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The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...
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Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside...
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When placed in an external electric field, a dielectric material gets polarized. The charge density in the dielectric material is given by the sum of the bound and free charge densities, while the total charge density can also be written in terms of the total electric field. The bound charge density can be measured in terms of polarization, leading to the relationship between electric displacement and polarization.
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A reversible chemical reaction represents a chemical process that proceeds in both forward (left to right) and reverse (right to left) directions. When the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, the concentrations of the reactant and product species remain constant over time and the system is at equilibrium. A special double arrow is used to emphasize the reversible nature of the reaction. The relative concentrations of reactants and products in equilibrium systems vary greatly;...
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Noninvasive In Vivo Small Animal MRI and MRS: Basic Experimental Procedures
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Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast MRI in Small Animals.

Pilar López-Larrubia1

  • 1Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain. plopez@iib.uam.es.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|January 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful tool for studying brain blood flow. This chapter details dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI methods for preclinical research in small animals to understand brain diseases.

Keywords:
Animal modelBolus trackingBrain perfusionCerebral blood flowCerebral blood volumeDynamic susceptibility contrastMean transit timePreclinical MRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is established for studying cerebral perfusion in clinical and research settings.
  • Perfusion MRI is valuable for assessing brain diseases like tumors, neurodegeneration, and injuries.
  • In preclinical research, perfusion MRI aids in characterizing disease models and validating therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the theoretical foundations of dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MRI.
  • To outline experimental protocols for DSC MRI in small animal models.
  • To facilitate the development of perfusion MRI studies in preclinical research.

Main Methods:

  • Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast (DSC) MRI acquisition principles.
  • Theoretical basis of contrast agent dynamics in cerebral vasculature.
  • Experimental protocols tailored for small animal imaging.

Main Results:

  • Provides a comprehensive overview of DSC-MRI techniques for small animals.
  • Establishes a framework for preclinical perfusion studies.
  • Highlights the utility of perfusion MRI in disease modeling and therapeutic validation.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI is a key technique for preclinical brain research.
  • This chapter equips researchers with the knowledge to implement perfusion MRI studies in small animals.
  • Perfusion MRI is crucial for advancing our understanding and treatment of neurological disorders.