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    Multifunctional nanoparticles (MFNPs) enhance molecular imaging by combining multiple signal reporters for high-sensitivity diagnostics. This review classifies MFNPs and highlights advancements for personalized medicine.

    Keywords:
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    Area of Science:

    • Nanotechnology
    • Molecular Imaging
    • Biomedical Engineering

    Background:

    • Molecular imaging is crucial for research and medical diagnostics.
    • Multimodal imaging offers high sensitivity, resolution, and specificity by integrating signal reporters.
    • Nanoparticulate contrast agents are key to advanced imaging.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review and classify multifunctional nanoparticles (MFNPs) for molecular imaging.
    • To highlight recent advancements in MFNP constructs and surface modifications.
    • To discuss the potential impact of MFNPs on personalized medicine and diagnostics.

    Main Methods:

    • Classification of MFNPs into four types: conjugation, encapsulation, core/shell, and co-doping.
    • Review of various nanoparticulate contrast agents including QDs, IONPs, UCNPs, Au-NPs, MOFs, dendrimers, and porphyrins.
    • Discussion of surface modification strategies and ligand attachment for biocompatibility and targeting.

    Main Results:

    • MFNPs can be categorized into four distinct structural types.
    • Diverse nanoparticulate materials are utilized in novel MFNP designs.
    • Surface modifications enhance MFNP biocompatibility and enable targeted delivery.

    Conclusions:

    • Advancements in MFNPs are poised to revolutionize multimodal molecular imaging.
    • MFNPs facilitate a paradigm shift towards personalized medicine.
    • New diagnostic medical imaging tools are emerging due to MFNP development.