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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Kinetic Energy00:23

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Kinetic energy is the ability of an object in motion to do work or enact change. It can take on many forms. For instance, water flowing down a waterfall has kinetic energy. In biological systems, particles of light travel and are absorbed by plants to create chemical energy. Animals consume the chemical energy and give off molecules that carry their scent through the air. They also generate kinetic energy when they run away from predators. Entire systems also possess kinetic energy, like the...
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Kinetically Controlled Two-Step Amorphization and Amorphous-Amorphous Transition in Ice.

Chuanlong Lin1, Xue Yong2, John S Tse2

  • 1HPCAT, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|January 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Crystalline ice transforms into amorphous ice under pressure, with pathways influenced by temperature. Decompression reveals transitions to different ice phases, highlighting kinetic barriers in water ice phase changes.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding the phase transitions of water ice under varying pressure and temperature is crucial for planetary science and materials research.
  • Amorphous ices, particularly high-density amorphous (HDA) ice, are important states of water relevant to astrophysical environments and geological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the in situ structural characterization of crystalline ice Ih amorphization under compression.
  • To study the relaxation of high-density amorphous (HDA) ice under decompression.
  • To determine the temperature dependence of these phase transitions.

Main Methods:

  • Synchrotron X-ray diffraction was employed for in situ structural characterization.
  • Experiments were conducted at temperatures ranging from 96 to 160 K.
  • Molecular dynamics calculations were used to support experimental observations.

Main Results:

  • Ice Ih transforms to an intermediate crystalline phase at 100 K before complete amorphization.
  • Direct amorphization of ice Ih was observed at 133 K, and direct Ih-to-IX transformation at 145 K.
  • Decompression of HDA ice showed transitions to low-density amorphous ice (96 K), ice Ic (135 K), and ice IX (145 K).

Conclusions:

  • The amorphization of compressed ice Ih and recrystallization of decompressed HDA ice are strongly temperature-dependent.
  • Phase transition pathways are controlled by kinetic barriers.
  • Pressure-induced amorphous ice serves as an intermediate state in the transformation between low- and high-pressure ice structures.