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Area of Science:

  • Detector Physics
  • Particle Physics
  • Astrophysics
  • Low-Noise Electronics

Background:

  • Traditional charge-coupled devices (CCDs) face limitations in readout noise, hindering sensitivity for detecting faint signals.
  • Achieving subelectron readout noise is crucial for advancing particle detection and astronomical observation capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and demonstrate an ultralow-noise readout system for thick, fully depleted CCDs.
  • To enable discrete, quantized charge measurements at the subelectron level across millions of pixels.
  • To establish a new standard for ultra-sensitive calorimetry and single-photon counting detectors.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of ultralow-noise electronics with repetitive, nondestructive readout techniques for CCDs.
  • Fabrication of thick, fully depleted CCDs optimized for enhanced charge transfer efficiency.
  • Validation of subelectron readout noise reproducibility across a large-area detector.

Main Results:

  • Achieved an unprecedented readout noise level of 0.068 electrons root mean square per pixel.
  • Demonstrated reproducible subelectron noise performance over millions of pixels on a stable detector.
  • Enabled simultaneous discrete measurement of charge, from zero to thousands of electrons, per pixel.

Conclusions:

  • The developed CCD detector functions as an ultra-sensitive calorimeter and single-photon counter in optical and near-infrared wavelengths.
  • The innovative nondestructive readout system has minimal impact on CCD design and fabrication.
  • Immediate applications include enhanced sensitivity for low-mass dark matter and neutrino-nucleus scattering detection, and future potential in exoplanet imaging and spectroscopy.