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Related Concept Videos

Review and Preview01:10

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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
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The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
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Introduction
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Related Experiment Video

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A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
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Nasal changes associated with exercise in athletes: systematic review.

P Surda1, A Walker2, J Limpens3

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology,Academic Medical Center,Amsterdam,The Netherlands.

The Journal of Laryngology and Otology
|January 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Exercise does not reduce nasal airways in athletes. While strenuous exercise can temporarily affect nasal cytology and mucociliary transport, these changes resolve with rest, and swimmers may experience effects from chlorine.

Keywords:
AllergyAthletesRhinitisSwimming

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Rhinology
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Rhinitis is common in athletes, often studied with asthma.
  • The specific impact of exercise on nasal mucosa's function is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the effects of exercise on the nasal mucosa of elite athletes.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted across Medline, Embase, and PubMed.
  • The search identified studies focusing on rhinitis in athletes.

Main Results:

  • Eight studies met the inclusion criteria from 373 unique articles identified.
  • No evidence suggests exercise reduces nasal airways.

Conclusions:

  • Swimmers may experience altered olfaction and mucociliary transport due to chlorine, resolving with training cessation.
  • Short-term strenuous exercise can transiently alter nasal cytology and mucociliary transport time, with rapid resolution upon rest.