Cell-free DNA: the role in pathophysiology and as a biomarker in kidney diseases

Area of Science:

• Biochemistry
• Molecular Biology
• Genetics

Background:

• Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) circulates in body fluids, originating from various sources including blood cells, tumors, fetuses, and transplanted organs.
• cfDNA analysis is crucial for genetic profiling, early detection of graft rejection, and as a non-specific biomarker for tissue damage in critical care.

Purpose of the Study:

• This review discusses the biological characteristics and sources of cfDNA.
• It explores the potential of cfDNA as a biomarker in renal and urinary tract diseases.
• The review also examines the role of cfDNA in the pathogenesis of kidney-related pathologies.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies on cfDNA in various body fluids.
• Analysis of cfDNA in plasma and urine for diagnostic and prognostic applications.
• Investigation of cfDNA's involvement in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases.

Main Results:

• Increased cfDNA levels are observed in kidney diseases, such as during hemodialysis and in renal cell carcinoma.
• Urinary cfDNA, despite fragmentation, shows promise as a biomarker for renal injury and tumors.
• Elevated cfDNA is linked to acute kidney injury and implicated in diseases like lupus, sepsis, and pregnancy pathologies.

Conclusions:

• cfDNA holds significant potential as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for renal and urinary tract diseases.
• Understanding cfDNA's role in pathogenesis may lead to novel therapeutic strategies.
• Further research is warranted to overcome technical challenges and fully utilize cfDNA's clinical utility.