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Developmental pathways inferred from modularity, morphological integration and fluctuating asymmetry patterns in the

Mirsha Quinto-Sánchez1,2, Francesc Muñoz-Muñoz3, Jorge Gomez-Valdes4

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Facial asymmetry patterns are conserved across diverse genomic backgrounds, revealing consistent facial modularity and integration. This study enhances understanding of craniofacial development and genetics using large-scale phenotypic and genomic data.

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Area of Science:

  • Human genetics
  • Developmental biology
  • Anthropometry

Background:

  • Facial asymmetries are often linked to developmental instability.
  • Research on the developmental and genetic basis of facial asymmetry is limited.
  • Comprehensive analysis of modularity, integration, and asymmetry with genomic data is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate facial modularity and integration patterns.
  • To determine if these patterns vary across different genomic ancestry backgrounds.
  • To link phenotypic data with genomic information for craniofacial research.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 4104 individuals from Latin American mestizo populations.
  • Utilized 3D photogrammetry and 34 facial landmarks.
  • Examined modularity hypotheses across genomic ancestry groups.

Main Results:

  • A conserved pattern of facial modularity and integration was observed across all genomic ancestry groups.
  • Modularity appears consistently linked to functional facial organization.
  • Genomic data supports distinct genetic regions influencing nasal and oral phenotypes.

Conclusions:

  • Facial modularity and integration are robust across diverse genomic backgrounds.
  • Large-scale studies combining phenotypic and genomic data are crucial for understanding craniofacial development.
  • Findings support the role of specific genetic factors in facial feature development.