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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Color Vision01:24

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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Testing Visual Sensitivity to the Speed and Direction of Motion in Lizards
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Effects of Contrast Sensitivity on Colour Vision Testing.

Anvesh Annadanam1, Jiawei Zhao1, Jiangxia Wang2

  • 1Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Neuro-Ophthalmology (Aeolus Press)
|January 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Contrast sensitivity loss significantly impacts colour vision (CV) testing accuracy. The Hardy-Rand-Rittler (HRR) test showed greater score declines with reduced contrast, suggesting potential inaccuracies for patients with vision impairment.

Keywords:
Contrast sensitivityFarnsworth D-15Hardy-Rand-RittlerIshihara

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Optometry
  • Vision Science

Background:

  • Colour vision (CV) testing is crucial for diagnosing visual impairments.
  • Contrast sensitivity is a key visual function that may influence CV test performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of varying contrast levels on the accuracy of different CV tests.
  • To determine if contrast sensitivity loss impacts the reliability of standard CV tests.

Main Methods:

  • Eleven participants underwent CV testing using Hardy-Rand-Rittler (HRR), Ishihara, and Farnsworth D-15 tests.
  • Contrast levels were systematically reduced during testing.
  • Participant scores were analyzed for significant differences across contrast levels and between tests.

Main Results:

  • HRR test scores significantly declined with each decrease in contrast (p < 0.004).
  • HRR scores were lower than Ishihara and Farnsworth D-15 scores at two contrast settings (p < 0.01).
  • Contrast changes most significantly affected HRR scores compared to other tests.

Conclusions:

  • The HRR test's accuracy is considerably affected by contrast sensitivity loss.
  • Current CV testing methods may not reliably assess colour vision in individuals with reduced contrast sensitivity.
  • Further research is needed to develop more robust CV tests for diverse patient populations.