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Facilitated Transport

Facilitated Transport

The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...

Facilitated Transport

Facilitated Transport

The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...

One-Degree-of-Freedom System

One-Degree-of-Freedom System

In mechanical engineering, one-degree-of-freedom systems form the basis of a wide range of electrical and mechanical components. Using these models, engineers can predict the behavior of various parts in a larger system, which gives them insight into how different forces interact with each other.
A one-degree-of-freedom system is defined by an independent variable that determines its state and behavior. One example of a one-degree-of-freedom system is a simple harmonic oscillator, such as a...

Degrees of Freedom

Degrees of Freedom

The degree of freedom for a particular statistical calculation is the number of values that are free to vary. Thus, the minimum number of independent numbers can specify a particular statistic. The degrees of freedom differ greatly depending on known and uncalculated statistical components.
For example, suppose there are three unknown numbers whose mean is 10; although we can freely assign values to the first and second numbers, the value of the last number can not be arbitrarily assigned.

Degrees of Freedom

Degrees of Freedom

The degree of freedom for a particular statistical calculation is the number of values that are free to vary. As a result, the minimum number of independent numbers can specify a particular statistic. The degrees of freedom differ greatly depending on known and uncalculated statistical components.
For example, suppose there are three unknown numbers whose mean is 10; although we can freely assign values to the first and second numbers, the value of the last number can not be arbitrarily...

Degree of Unsaturation

Degree of Unsaturation

The degree of unsaturation (U), or index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD), is defined as the difference in the number of pairs of hydrogen atoms between the compound and the acyclic alkane with the same number of carbon atoms. Each double bond or ring costs two hydrogen atoms compared to a saturated analog and results in one degree of unsaturation.
The degree of unsaturation for hydrocarbons is U = (2C + 2 − H) / 2, where C is the number of carbon atoms and H is the number of hydrogen atoms.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Using Learning Outcome Measures to assess Doctoral Nursing Education

Using Learning Outcome Measures to assess Doctoral Nursing Education

Published on: June 21, 2010

Facilitating pipeline progress from doctoral degree to first job.

Nadine J Kaslow¹, Debra A Bangasser², Catherine L Grus³

¹School of Medicine and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University.

The American Psychologist

|January 19, 2018

Summary

Professional development in psychology faces many barriers from doctoral training to employment. Addressing individual, program, and system-level obstacles is crucial for trainee success and career progression.

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Area of Science:

Psychology
Professional Development
Career Pipelines

Background:

The transition from doctoral education to the first job in psychology is critical for professional and personal growth.
This career pipeline is often impeded by various barriers.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify individual, program, and system-level barriers in psychology training.
To recommend actionable steps for facilitating trainee progress.

Main Methods:

Identification of barriers across health service psychology and research psychology training.
Analysis of individual, program, and system-level factors.

Main Results:

Numerous barriers exist at individual, program, and system levels for psychology trainees.
Specific challenges are faced by those in health service and research psychology.

Conclusions:

Systematic interventions are needed to overcome identified barriers.
Recommendations include actions for trainees, trainers, programs, and systems.
Fostering a supportive culture is essential for trainee flourishing and career advancement.