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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

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Distal upper limb kinematics during functional everyday tasks.

Ben Stansfield1, Scott Rooney1, Lisa Brown1

  • 1School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA, UK.

Gait & Posture
|January 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study quantifies upper limb motion in healthy adults during functional tasks. Drinking, lifting, and key turning showed the least variation, suggesting their suitability for assessing movement pathologies.

Keywords:
Everyday activitiesFunctional tasksMetacarpophalangeal joint kinematicsRange of motionThumbUpper limb kinematics

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Human Movement Analysis
  • Rehabilitation Science

Background:

  • Quantitative characterization of upper limb motion is crucial for evaluating pathology effects on functional tasks and guiding rehabilitation.
  • Limited data exists on detailed movement patterns of the distal upper limb in healthy adults during everyday activities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively characterize upper limb movement patterns in healthy adults during five loaded functional tasks.
  • To identify functional tasks with minimal performance variation suitable for standardized clinical assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Three-dimensional motion analysis with a minimal marker set was used.
  • Sixteen healthy adults (10 male, 6 female; age 27 IQR:25-43 years) performed five loaded functional tasks.
  • Joint angles (elbow, wrist, forearm, digits 2-5 MCP, thumb joints) and movement durations were recorded.

Main Results:

  • Maximum joint angles recorded included 141° elbow flexion, 116° forearm supination, and 36° wrist extension.
  • Thumb base (56°), thumb MCP (14°), thumb IP (18°), and MCP2-5 (85°) flexion angles were also quantified.
  • Tasks of drinking from a glass, lifting a bag, and turning a key exhibited the least performance variation.

Conclusions:

  • Drinking from a glass, lifting a bag to a shelf, and turning a key are recommended as standardized tasks for assessing movement impairments due to pathology.
  • These tasks demonstrate greater consistency, making them more reliable for evaluating the impact of conditions affecting upper limb function.