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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
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Small Intestine01:15

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The small intestine is primarily responsible for digestion and nutrient absorption. It spans from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve and connects to the large intestine.
The small intestine is divided into three main sections - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum, approximately 25 cm long, is nearest the stomach. It acts as a 'mixing bowl,' where chyme (partially digested food) blends with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and liver. The duodenum's unique...
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Large Intestine01:09

Large Intestine

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The large intestine is divided into three main regions: the cecum, colon, and rectum. Extending from the ileocecal valve to the anus, it frames the small intestine on three sides.
The ileocecal sphincter, a mucous membrane fold, guards the opening from the ileum to the large intestine. This valve permits material from the small intestine to pass into the large intestine. Attached to the ileocecal valve is the cecum. This small pouch, approximately 6 cm long, has a twisted, coiled tube known as...
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Histology of the Large Intestine01:26

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The large intestine, a vital component of the gastrointestinal tract, is structured with four main layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. Each layer performs a distinct role in facilitating the smooth functioning of the large intestine.
The innermost mucosa layer comprises simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae. This layer is primarily populated with absorptive cells, tasked with water absorption, and goblet cells, responsible for secreting mucus to...
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Histology of the Small Intestine01:27

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The small intestine exhibits a unique histological structure that significantly enhances its function in digestion and nutrient absorption. These structures include circular folds, villi, and various specialized cells that collectively facilitate the digestion of food.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Selective Cleaning of Wild Caenorhabditis Nematodes to Enrich for Intestinal Microbiome Bacteria
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Selective Cleaning of Wild Caenorhabditis Nematodes to Enrich for Intestinal Microbiome Bacteria

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Host responses to intestinal nematodes.

Koubun Yasuda1, Kenji Nakanishi1

  • 1Department of Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.

International Immunology
|January 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Helminth infections trigger immune responses like Th2 and innate lymphoid cells to expel parasites. However, nematodes can cause chronic infections by increasing regulatory T cells, potentially reducing inflammatory diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Parasitology

Background:

  • Helminth infections are prevalent in developing nations, causing significant health and economic burdens.
  • Intestinal nematode infections elicit Th2-type immune responses, involving B-cells, mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils, to expel the parasites.
  • Innate immunity, involving cytokines like IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, is crucial for eliminating helminths.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the complex immune mechanisms involved in helminth infections.
  • To understand how nematodes establish chronic infections and modulate host immunity.
  • To explore the potential protective role of helminth infection against inflammatory diseases.

Main Methods:

  • The study reviews the immunological responses to intestinal nematode infections.

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  • It examines the role of epithelial cell-derived cytokines and innate lymphoid cells in Th2 immunity.
  • It investigates the impact of regulatory T cells (Treg) on immune suppression during chronic infection.

    • Main Results:

    • Nematode infection induces Th2 immune responses and activates effector cells for parasite expulsion.
    • Epithelial and mast cell-derived cytokines promote Th2 and group 2 innate lymphoid cell proliferation.
    • Nematodes induce immune suppression via increased Treg cells, facilitating chronic infection.
    • A negative correlation exists between parasite infection and inflammatory disease prevalence in humans.

    Conclusions:

    • Helminth infections trigger a multifaceted immune response involving both adaptive and innate immunity.
    • Nematodes employ immune evasion strategies, including Treg cell induction, to ensure chronic infection.
    • Parasite-induced immunosuppression may offer a protective effect against inflammatory conditions.