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Related Concept Videos

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
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Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation03:12

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Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
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Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Energy In A Magnetic Field01:24

Energy In A Magnetic Field

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If a magnetic field is sustained, there must be a current in a closed circuit or loop, implying some energy has been spent in creating the field. If this energy is not dissipated via the circuit's resistance, it is stored in the field.
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase-field lattice Boltzmann modeling of boiling using a sharp-interface energy solver.

Mahmood Mohammadi-Shad1, Taehun Lee1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, City College of City University of New York, New York 10031, USA.

Physical Review. E
|January 20, 2018
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Summary

This study introduces an advanced lattice Boltzmann method for modeling liquid-vapor phase change, accurately simulating phenomena like bubble growth and droplet evaporation with high density ratios. The novel approach ensures precise interfacial mass flow calculations without free parameters.

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Area of Science:

  • Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
  • Thermodynamics
  • Phase Change Phenomena

Background:

  • Accurate modeling of liquid-vapor phase change is crucial for various engineering applications.
  • Existing methods often face challenges in precisely capturing interfacial dynamics and mass transfer.
  • The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) offers a promising framework for simulating complex fluid flows.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend an isothermal incompressible two-phase LBM for liquid-vapor phase change.
  • To incorporate a sharp-interface energy solver for accurate temperature and mass flow calculations.
  • To analyze and discuss physical characteristics of various phase change scenarios.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a two-phase lattice Boltzmann equation method with two discrete particle distribution functions.
  • Employed a sharp-interface macroscopic internal energy equation discretized via an isotropic finite difference method.
  • Embedded interfacial mass flow into the pressure evolution equation for accurate simulation.

Main Results:

  • The model accurately simulates liquid-vapor phase change phenomena, including droplet evaporation and bubble dynamics.
  • Verified against theoretical solutions for the two-phase Stefan and sucking interface problems.
  • Successfully handled large density ratios up to 1000, demonstrating robustness.

Conclusions:

  • The extended LBM with a sharp-interface energy solver provides an accurate and robust method for liquid-vapor phase change.
  • The model precisely calculates interfacial mass flow without requiring free parameters.
  • Demonstrated capability in simulating diverse phase change scenarios with high fidelity.