Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Walk with Me Hybrid Virtual/In-Person Walking for Older Adults with Neurodegenerative Disease
Published on: June 16, 2023
How fast does a random walk cover a torus?
1JSC, FZ Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
Abstract:
We present high statistics simulation data for the average time 〈T_{cover}(L)〉 that a random walk needs to cover completely a two-dimensional torus of size L×L. They confirm the mathematical prediction that 〈T_{cover}(L)〉∼(LlnL)^{2} for large L, but the prefactor seems to deviate significantly from the supposedly exact result 4/π derived by Dembo et al. [Ann. Math. 160, 433 (2004)ANMAAH0003-486X10.4007/annals.2004.160.433], if the most straightforward extrapolation is used. On the other hand, we find that this scaling does hold for the time T_{N(t)=1}(L) at which the average number of yet unvisited sites is 1, as also predicted previously. This might suggest (wrongly) that 〈T_{cover}(L)〉 and T_{N(t)=1}(L) scale differently, although the distribution of rescaled cover times becomes sharp in the limit L→∞. But our results can be reconciled with those of Dembo et al. by a very slow and nonmonotonic convergence of 〈T_{cover}(L)〉/(LlnL)^{2}, as had been indeed proven by Belius et al. [Probab. Theory Relat. Fields 167, 461 (2017)10.1007/s00440-015-0689-6] for Brownian walks, and was conjectured by them to hold also for lattice walks.
Related Concept Videos
Random Error
Random Variables
Uppercase letters such as X or Y denote a random variable. Lowercase letters like x or y denote the value of a random variable. If X is a random variable, then X is written in words, and x is given as a number.
For example, let X = the...
Randomized Experiments
Simple randomization
Simple...
Random and Systematic Errors
Random Sampling Method
Fast Fourier Transform
The computational efficiency of the FFT becomes...

