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Related Concept Videos

Weak Base Solutions03:21

Weak Base Solutions

25.6K
Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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Rapidly Varying Flow01:24

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Rapidly varying flow (RVF) in open channels is characterized by abrupt changes in flow depth over a short distance, with the rate of depth change relative to distance often approaching unity. These flows are inherently complex due to their transient and multi-dimensional nature, making exact analysis difficult. However, approximate solutions using simplified models provide valuable insights into their behavior.Key Features of Rapidly Varying FlowRVF is commonly observed in scenarios involving...
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Weak Acid Solutions04:02

Weak Acid Solutions

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Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...
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Microtubules are hollow cylindrical filaments having a diameter of approximately 25 nm and a length that varies from 200 nm to 25 μm. GTP-bound tubulin subunits form αβ-heterodimers for microtubule assembly. These core building blocks interact longitudinally, polymerizing into protofilaments. The protofilaments then interact with one another through lateral bonding forces to form stable cylindrical microtubules. These cylindrical filaments are dynamic as they undergo repeated...
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Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base01:08

Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base

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Weak acids and bases do not undergo dissociation completely, and titrations between these two are rarely studied. When such studies are performed, say, for the titration of a weak acid with a weak base, the titration curve plots the change in pH as a function of the volume of base added. Take the titration of acetic acid with ammonia, for instance. During the titration, these two species form ammonium acetate and water, but the pH change is slow and gradual.
As a result, there is no simple...
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Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base03:55

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

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Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:
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Magnetically Induced Rotating Rayleigh-Taylor Instability
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Instabilities in rapid directional solidification under weak flow.

Katarzyna N Kowal1, Stephen H Davis1, Peter W Voorhees2

  • 1Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.

Physical Review. E
|January 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We studied how boundary-layer flow affects instabilities during alloy solidification. The flow can stabilize or destabilize the interface, influencing cellular and pulsatile instabilities by altering their speed and structure.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solidification Physics
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Directional solidification of binary alloys involves complex interfacial phenomena.
  • Nonequilibrium thermodynamics, including speed-dependent segregation coefficients and liquidus slopes, influences solidification pathways.
  • Attachment kinetics and interfacial energy play crucial roles in instability formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of weak imposed boundary-layer flow on steady cellular (mode S) and pulsatile (mode P) instabilities during rapid alloy solidification.
  • To analyze how flow modifies the characteristics of these instabilities, such as their propagation, stability, and spatial structure.
  • To develop a theoretical framework, using perturbation methods, to describe these flow-induced changes across different flow magnitudes.

Main Methods:

  • Application of regular perturbation theory in powers of the flow magnitude |V|.
  • Utilizing a modified expansion in powers of V^(1/3) near critical points where neutral curves cross.
  • Development of a uniform composite expansion valid for all small |V| to capture the behavior of instabilities under flow.

Main Results:

  • For small |V|, mode S transitions from a steady state to a traveling instability.
  • The imposed flow exhibits a dual effect on mode S stability, stabilizing it for low surface energies and destabilizing it for high surface energies.
  • Mode P instability is promoted by the flow, with its critical wave number shifting from zero to nonzero, introducing spatial structure.
  • Flow-induced changes in mode P frequencies depend on the wave number, increasing for large wave numbers and decreasing for small ones.

Conclusions:

  • Weak boundary-layer flow significantly alters the nature and stability of interfacial instabilities during rapid alloy solidification.
  • The study provides a comprehensive theoretical understanding of flow effects on both cellular and pulsatile modes, crucial for controlling microstructure.
  • The developed perturbation methods offer a robust framework for analyzing flow-interface interactions in various solidification scenarios.