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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Determination of Aggregate Surface Morphology at the Interfacial Transition Zone ITZ
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Phase transitions in systems with aggregation and shattering.

P L Krapivsky1, W Otieno2, N V Brilliantov2

  • 1Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.

Physical Review. E
|January 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study models cluster formation and breakup, revealing a phase transition dependent on shattering probability. Initial conditions significantly influence this transition, impacting system behavior.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Complex systems often involve aggregation and fragmentation processes.
  • Understanding the dynamics of cluster formation is crucial in various scientific fields.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a model of cluster evolution involving monomer addition and cluster shattering.
  • To identify and characterize a phase transition in this system.
  • To explore the influence of initial conditions on the observed phase transition.

Main Methods:

  • Simulating a system of diffusing monomers and immobile clusters.
  • Modeling cluster-monomer collisions with both attachment (addition) and breakup (shattering) outcomes.
  • Analyzing the system's behavior as a function of shattering probability and initial conditions.

Main Results:

  • A distinct phase transition was identified, separating different system behaviors.
  • The occurrence of the phase transition is contingent upon the shattering probability exceeding a critical threshold.
  • A novel finding is the strong dependence of the phase transition on the system's initial conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The model demonstrates a phase transition in cluster dynamics driven by shattering events.
  • Initial conditions play a critical role in determining the system's behavior around the phase transition.
  • This work highlights the importance of considering both aggregation and fragmentation in complex systems.