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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Isomerism in Complexes
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Microscale Vortex-assisted Electroporator for Sequential Molecular Delivery
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Front propagation in a regular vortex lattice: Dependence on the vortex structure.

E Beauvier1, S Bodea1, A Pocheau1

  • 1Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, IRPHE, Marseille, France.

Physical Review. E
|January 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Front propagation in stirred flows depends on vortex structure. Varying vortex aspect ratios and boundary conditions revealed that free boundary conditions show minimal dependence, while rigid conditions show a decrease in front velocity enhancement.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Chemical kinetics
  • Pattern formation

Background:

  • Front propagation in stirred media is crucial in various natural and industrial processes.
  • Understanding the influence of flow structures, particularly vortices, on front dynamics is essential.
  • Autocatalytic reactions provide a model system for studying pattern formation and propagation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how vortex structure affects front propagation speed in stirred flows.
  • To determine the role of vortex boundary conditions (free vs. rigid) and aspect ratios.
  • To elucidate the multiscale nature of front propagation in complex fluid environments.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation using autocatalytic solutions stirred by electroconvective flows.
  • Numerical simulations employing kinematic models and dominant Fourier mode analysis of vortex stream functions.
  • Systematic variation of vortex boundary conditions and aspect ratios.

Main Results:

  • In free boundary conditions (vortex lattice), front propagation is largely independent of vortex aspect ratio.
  • In rigid boundary conditions (vortex chain), aspect ratio influences front velocity, decreasing enhancement.
  • Sensitivity of front velocity to flow subscales highlights the multiscale nature of the phenomenon.

Conclusions:

  • Vortex structure, not just intensity, is critical for predicting large-scale front propagation.
  • The study reveals a complex interplay between flow advection, vortex geometry, and reaction-diffusion fronts.
  • Discrepancies between experiments and simulations suggest secondary flows in specific vortex chain configurations.