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Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
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A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This...
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Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

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The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
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Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
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The HIV self-testing debate: where do we stand?

Marilou Gagnon1, Martin French2, Yamilee Hébert3

  • 1School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada. marilou.gagnon@uottawa.ca.

BMC International Health and Human Rights
|January 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary

HIV self-testing (HST) offers a new avenue for HIV prevention and care, but a comprehensive understanding of the ongoing debate surrounding its implementation is needed. This review maps the key arguments to advance critical discussions on HST.

Keywords:
AIDSArgumentsDebateHIVHome testSelf-testSelf-testing

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Health Policy
  • HIV Prevention

Background:

  • The importance of HIV testing as a pathway to prevention, treatment, and care has significantly increased.
  • This has driven demand for innovative policies, programs, and technologies to improve HIV testing access and uptake.
  • HIV self-testing (HST) has gained momentum, particularly with the availability of over-the-counter options in several countries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review the literature on HIV self-testing (HST).
  • To specifically focus on and map the arguments and debates surrounding HST.
  • To identify key lines of argument to inform future discussions and research.

Main Methods:

  • A critical literature review was conducted.
  • The review focused on the "Arguments" category, encompassing ethical analyses, policy analyses, editorials, opinion pieces, and commentaries.
  • Ten distinct lines of argument regarding HST were identified and analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Ten lines of argument concerning HST were identified: Individual vs. Public Health, Strengths vs. Limits, Benefits vs. Harms, Screening vs. Testing, Target vs. Market, Health Care vs. Industry, Regulation vs. Restriction, Resource-Rich vs. Resource-Limited Settings, Ethical vs. Unethical, and Exceptionalism vs. Normalization.
  • Each identified argument line is presented and discussed within the paper.
  • The review highlights the multifaceted nature of the HST debate.

Conclusions:

  • The debate on HST is extensive and involves numerous complex arguments.
  • Further critical questions are needed to advance the discussion on HST.
  • New perspectives are required to fully explore the implications and future of HST.