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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
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Veins of Head and Neck01:19

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Porcine As a Training Module for Head and Neck Microvascular Reconstruction
07:43

Porcine As a Training Module for Head and Neck Microvascular Reconstruction

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Recipient Vessel Selection in Head and Neck Reconstruction.

Andrea Hiller1, Jared Davis2, Steven Schulz2

  • 1School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Ky.

Eplasty
|January 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The external carotid artery offers the largest diameter for free tissue transfer in head and neck reconstruction. Vessel selection for reconstruction depends on defect location, prioritizing larger external carotid artery branches.

Keywords:
Poiseuille's lawexternal carotid arteryhead and neck reconstructionrecipient vesselsvessel caliber

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Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Head and Neck Surgery
  • Vascular Anatomy

Background:

  • Free tissue transfer is crucial for head and neck reconstruction.
  • Recipient vessel caliber significantly impacts flap survival.
  • Objective criteria for recipient vessel selection are needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the caliber of external carotid artery branches.
  • To develop an algorithm for recipient vessel selection in head and neck reconstruction.

Main Methods:

  • Cadaveric dissection of external carotid artery and its branches in 3 male cadavers (aged 82-85).
  • Measurement of luminal diameters using calipers.
  • Analysis of average vessel diameters.

Main Results:

  • Proximal external carotid artery (ECA) had the largest diameter (4 ± 0.6 mm), followed by distal ECA (2.85 ± 0.4 mm).
  • Facial (2.0 ± 0.6 mm) and lingual (1.65 ± 0.6 mm) arteries were larger than superior thyroid (1 ± 0.3 mm) and superficial temporal (0.85 ± 0.4 mm) arteries.
  • Observed size variation between contralateral vessels.

Conclusions:

  • The external carotid artery and its larger branches (facial, lingual) are suitable for head and neck reconstruction.
  • A structured algorithm prioritizing vessel size is recommended for recipient vessel selection.
  • Vessel selection is more complex in patients with prior radiation, trauma, or surgery.