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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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Enzymes in Lipid Modification.

Uwe T Bornscheuer1

  • 1Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, 17487 Greifswald, Germany;

Annual Review of Food Science and Technology
|January 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Enzymes, particularly lipases, are key biocatalysts for modifying lipids in food applications. Modern protein engineering and whole-cell systems enable efficient lipid modification and production of valuable compounds like eicosapentaenoic acid.

Keywords:
biocatalysislipaselipid modificationmetabolic engineeringprotein engineeringstructured triacylglycerols

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Enzymology
  • Food Science

Background:

  • Enzymes are crucial biocatalysts in lipid modification.
  • Lipases are widely used for synthesizing structured triacylglycerols and modifying fats.
  • Other enzymes like P450 monooxygenases and phospholipases have specific industrial applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse applications of enzymes in lipid modification.
  • To highlight advancements in enzyme discovery and engineering for biocatalysis.
  • To discuss the use of whole-cell systems for lipid production.

Main Methods:

  • Review of enzymatic catalysis in lipid modification.
  • Discussion of protein engineering tools for enzyme optimization.
  • Exploration of whole-cell biocatalysis using engineered microorganisms.

Main Results:

  • Lipases are established for synthesizing fats, margarine, and flavor compounds.
  • Oxyfunctionalization and degumming utilize specific enzymes like P450s and phospholipases.
  • Engineered yeast can produce eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) from sugars.

Conclusions:

  • Enzymatic and whole-cell approaches offer versatile solutions for lipid modification.
  • Protein engineering is vital for developing tailored biocatalysts.
  • Sustainable production of valuable lipids like EPA is achievable through biotechnology.