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Related Concept Videos

Dynamic Equilibrium02:20

Dynamic Equilibrium

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A reversible chemical reaction represents a chemical process that proceeds in both forward (left to right) and reverse (right to left) directions. When the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, the concentrations of the reactant and product species remain constant over time and the system is at equilibrium. A special double arrow is used to emphasize the reversible nature of the reaction. The relative concentrations of reactants and products in equilibrium systems vary greatly;...
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Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this process until the sugar concentration of the solution reaches its natural limit, a limit determined primarily by the relative strengths of the solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent attractive forces. You can be certain that you have reached this limit because, no matter how long you stir the solution, undissolved sugar remains. The...
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The free energy change for a process may be viewed as a measure of its driving force. A negative value for ΔG represents a driving force for the process in the forward direction, while a positive value represents a driving force for the process in the reverse direction. When ΔGrxn is zero, the forward and reverse driving forces are equal, and the process occurs in both directions at the same rate (the system is at equilibrium).
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The equilibrium constant for a reaction is calculated from the equilibrium concentrations (or pressures) of its reactants and products. If these concentrations are known, the calculation simply involves their substitution into the Kc expression.
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Being able to calculate equilibrium concentrations is essential to many areas of science and technology—for example, in the formulation and dosing of pharmaceutical products. After a drug is ingested or injected, it is typically involved in several chemical equilibria that affect its ultimate concentration in the body system of interest. Knowledge of the quantitative aspects of these equilibria is required to compute a dosage amount that will solicit the desired therapeutic effect.
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Analyzing Melts and Fluids from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations with the UMD Package
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Relativistic Fluid Dynamics Far From Local Equilibrium.

Paul Romatschke1

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA and Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|January 20, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new theory of far-from-equilibrium fluid dynamics is introduced, utilizing resurgence to define hydrodynamic attractors. This framework applies even for systems far from equilibrium, offering solutions for large gradients.

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Area of Science:

  • High-energy physics
  • Quantum field theory
  • Fluid dynamics

Background:

  • Traditional fluid dynamics applies to systems near local equilibrium, using gradient series.
  • Resurgence theory suggests these gradient series diverge but can be Borel resummed.
  • This leads to hydrodynamic attractor solutions valid even for large gradients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce a framework for fluid dynamics far from local equilibrium.
  • Identify hydrodynamic attractor solutions for conformal systems.
  • Investigate applications in various theoretical frameworks.

Main Methods:

  • Application of resurgence and Borel summation to divergent gradient series.
  • Analysis of nonhydrodynamic mode decay for arbitrary initial data.
  • Identification of hydrodynamic attractors in specific theoretical models.

Main Results:

  • Hydrodynamic attractor solutions are well-defined even for large gradients.
  • Arbitrary initial data rapidly approaches these attractors.
  • Framework successfully applied to Baier-Romatschke-Son-Starinets-Stephanov theory, kinetic theory, and super Yang-Mills theory.

Conclusions:

  • A new theory of far-from-equilibrium fluid dynamics is established.
  • Hydrodynamic attractors provide robust solutions beyond local equilibrium.
  • The framework offers insights into strongly coupled systems and high-energy phenomena.