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Related Concept Videos

The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
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Leaf Spray Mass Spectrometry: A Rapid Ambient Ionization Technique to Directly Assess Metabolites from Plant Tissues
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Leaf Form Evolution in Viburnum Parallels Variation within Individual Plants.

Elizabeth L Spriggs, Samuel B Schmerler, Erika J Edwards

    The American Naturalist
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    Leaf evolution in Viburnum shows new forms appearing early in seasonal growth, creating a spectrum of shapes. This spectrum may have driven further evolutionary changes and shaped species diversity.

    Keywords:
    Viburnumheteroblastyleaf shapephenotypic plasticityphylogeny

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    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Plant Morphology
    • Developmental Biology

    Background:

    • Subindividual morphological variation is key to understanding evolutionary patterns.
    • Plants, with their modular growth, offer unique opportunities to study variation within individuals.
    • The genus Viburnum provides a model system for investigating leaf form evolution in woody angiosperms.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the relationship between subindividual trait variation and leaf evolution in Viburnum.
    • To understand how leaf form variation within and among species contributes to evolutionary diversification.
    • To explore the role of seasonal heteroblasty in the evolution of leaf morphology.

    Main Methods:

    • Documented leaf variation along branches of 28 Viburnum species.
    • Analyzed population-level leaf variation across the range of Viburnum dentatum.
    • Inferred evolutionary origins of leaf forms using phylogenetic context.

    Main Results:

    • Identified multiple independent origins of wide/lobed, toothed leaves from elliptical, smooth-margined ancestors in Viburnum.
    • Observed that novel leaf forms typically appeared early in the seasonal leaf sequence.
    • Demonstrated that this early intercalation generated a repeatable spectrum of leaf forms along branches (seasonal heteroblasty).

    Conclusions:

    • Seasonal heteroblasty in Viburnum likely facilitated evolutionary shifts, including reversals to ancestral forms.
    • The recurrent production of alternative phenotypes may lead to canalization of specific leaf forms.
    • Subindividual variation and seasonal heteroblasty play significant roles in generating macroevolutionary patterns of leaf diversity.