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Harmonic Mean01:09

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The arithmetic mean is usually skewed towards the larger values in the data set. Therefore, to avoid this inherent bias towards smaller values, the harmonic mean is used.
Take the example of the speed of a car, which is the measure of the rate of distance traveled. If the vehicle traverses the same distance back-and-forth, its average speed equals the total distance traveled divided by the total time taken. However, if the car moves with varying speeds, then the arithmetic mean is more skewed...
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In automotive engineering, car suspension systems often employ Proportional Derivative (PD) controllers to enhance performance. PD controllers are utilized to adjust the damping force in response to road conditions. A controller, acting as an amplifier with a constant gain, demonstrates proportional control, with output directly mirroring input.
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Simple Harmonic Motion01:21

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Simple harmonic motion is the name given to oscillatory motion for a system where the net force can be described by Hooke's law. If the net force can be described by Hooke's law and there is no damping (by friction or other non-conservative forces), then a simple harmonic oscillator will oscillate with equal displacement on either side of the equilibrium position. To derive an equation for period and frequency, the equation of motion is used. The period of a simple harmonic oscillator is given...
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Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion01:23

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To determine the energy of a simple harmonic oscillator, consider all the forms of energy it can have during its simple harmonic motion. According to Hooke's Law, the energy stored during the compression/stretching of a string in a simple harmonic oscillator is potential energy. As the simple harmonic oscillator has no dissipative forces, it also possesses kinetic energy. In the presence of conservative forces, both energies can interconvert during oscillation, but the total energy remains...
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Lung Capacity

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The air in the lungs is measured in volumes and capacities. Lung volume measures reflect the amount of air taken in, released, or left over after a lung function, like a single inhalation. Lung capacity measures are sums of two or more lung volume measures.
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Proportional-Derivative (PD) control is a widely used control method in various engineering systems to enhance stability and performance. In a system with only proportional control, common issues include high maximum overshoot and oscillation, observed in both the error signal and its rate of change. This behavior can be divided into three distinct phases: initial overshoot, subsequent undershoot, and gradual stabilization.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Using 22C3 Anti-PD-L1 Antibody Concentrate on Biopsy and Cytology Samples from Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients
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Using 22C3 Anti-PD-L1 Antibody Concentrate on Biopsy and Cytology Samples from Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients

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Multicenter harmonization study for PD-L1 IHC testing in non-small-cell lung cancer.

J Adam1, N Le Stang2, I Rouquette3

  • 1Groupe PATTERN, Fondation Synergie Lyon Cancer, Lyon, France; Department of Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.

Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology
|January 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Standardized programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays show high concordance for tumor cell staining in non-small-cell lung cancer. Laboratory-developed tests (LDTs) require further validation for reliable PD-L1 testing.

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Semi-automatic PD-L1 Characterization and Enumeration of Circulating Tumor Cells from Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients by Immunofluorescence
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Diagnostic Assays

Background:

  • Multiple programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays exist, impacting clinical trials.
  • Standardization of PD-L1 testing is crucial for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) diagnosis and treatment.
  • This study compares standardized PD-L1 assays with laboratory-developed tests (LDTs) in a multicenter setting.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To harmonize and assess the availability of PD-L1 testing in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  • To compare the concordance of various PD-L1 IHC assays and LDTs across different platforms and centers.
  • To evaluate the analytical performance of PD-L1 assays for tumor cell and immune cell staining.

Main Methods:

  • Performed IHC using five anti-PD-L1 antibodies (28-8, 22C3, E1L3N, SP142, SP263) on 41 NSCLC specimens across 7 centers.
  • Utilized Dako, Leica, and Ventana platforms, developing LDTs for non-matching platforms/antibodies.
  • Assessed PD-L1 staining in tumor and immune cells by seven pathologists using defined expression thresholds.

Main Results:

  • PD-L1 assays 28-8, 22C3, and SP263 demonstrated high concordance for tumor cell staining across platforms.
  • Of 27 developed LDTs, 14 (51.8%) showed similar concordance for tumor cell staining compared to reference assays.
  • Clone SP263 exhibited the highest concordance across all platforms; immune cell staining showed lower concordance.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized PD-L1 assays (28-8, 22C3, SP263) exhibit comparable analytical performance for tumor cell staining in NSCLC.
  • Certain LDTs achieved good concordance, but validation is essential before widespread clinical adoption.
  • Further validation of LDTs is planned to establish recommendations for PD-L1 testing in NSCLC.