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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells
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The Chemical Fluctuation Theorem governing gene expression.

Seong Jun Park1,2,3, Sanggeun Song1,2,3, Gil-Suk Yang1

  • 1Creative Research Initiative Center for Chemical Dynamics in Living Cells, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Korea.

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Summary

We present the Chemical Fluctuation Theorem (CFT) to explain gene expression variability. This new theory accurately links chemical dynamics to mRNA variability, advancing quantitative understanding of cellular processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Gene expression is a complex, stochastic process influenced by numerous enzymatic reactions and hidden cell-state variables.
  • Current single-cell technologies have advanced, but a lack of accurate gene expression theory limits quantitative understanding of cellular variability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the Chemical Fluctuation Theorem (CFT) for an accurate relationship between gene expression dynamics and variability.
  • To provide a unified explanation for mRNA variability across diverse experimental systems using CFT and a transcription model.

Main Methods:

  • Development of the Chemical Fluctuation Theorem (CFT).
  • Integration of CFT with a general model of environment-coupled transcription processes.
  • Construction of a quantitative model for transcription dynamics.

Main Results:

  • The CFT accurately relates environment-coupled chemical dynamics to gene expression variability.
  • A unified explanation for mRNA variability in various experimental systems was achieved.
  • Analytic predictions for mRNA noise dependence on mRNA lifetime distribution were derived and validated against stochastic simulations.

Conclusions:

  • The CFT offers a robust theoretical framework for understanding gene expression variability.
  • This work enables quantitative predictions of mRNA noise, linking it to mRNA lifetime distributions.
  • The study opens new avenues for investigating intracellular reaction dynamics and cellular control over biological functions.