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Related Concept Videos

Vertical Curve: Problem Solving01:23

Vertical Curve: Problem Solving

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Vertical curves provide the transition between two roadway grades, ensuring safety, comfort, and functionality. Calculating elevations at specific stations along the curve involves several systematic steps based on the curve's geometry and provided design parameters.The vertical curve is defined by its length, grades, Point of Vertical Intersection (P.V.I.) location, and P.V.I. elevation. The stations of the Point of Vertical Curvature (P.V.C.), where the curve begins, and the Point of Vertical...
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Vertical curves are parabolic transitions that connect different grades on highways and railroads, ensuring a smooth alignment between back and forward tangents. The back tangent represents the initial grade, while the forward tangent defines the subsequent grade. These curves can be symmetrical, with equal tangent lengths, or nonsymmetrical, with varying lengths. The key points defining a vertical curve include the Point of Vertical Intersection (P.V.I.), where the tangents meet; the Point of...
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Elevation of Intermediate Points on Vertical Curves01:20

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Vertical curves are essential in roadway design because they provide smooth transitions between varying roadway grades. Designing vertical curves involves calculating intermediate elevations and identifying the curve's highest or lowest point, which is essential for optimal roadway performance.Intermediate elevations on a vertical curve are determined using the tangent offset method. This method considers the initial elevation at the start of the curve, the grades, and the curve's geometry. The...
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Sight Distance in a Vertical Curve01:29

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Sight distance on vertical curves is critical in roadway design. It ensures drivers can see far enough ahead to identify and respond to hazards effectively. This directly impacts safety, driver comfort, and the overall efficiency of the transportation network.Vertical curves are classified into crest and sag curves based on their geometry. For crest curves, sight distance is determined by the line of sight between a driver's eye and a small object on the road's surface. Design parameters for...
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The process of deriving the transfer function of a control system often involves reducing its block diagram to a single block. This simplification can be achieved through a series of strategic operations, including relocating branch points and comparators. These operations preserve the overall function of the system while allowing for easier manipulation and combination of blocks.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Rescue and Characterization of Recombinant Virus from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone
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Blocking Zika virus vertical transmission.

Pinar Mesci1, Angela Macia1, Spencer M Moore1

  • 1University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA, 92037-0695, USA.

Scientific Reports
|January 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sofosbuvir protects neural cells from Zika virus (ZIKV) and prevents fetal transmission. This FDA-approved drug shows promise as an urgent treatment for ZIKV infection, especially in pregnant individuals.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks are linked to congenital malformations.
  • Urgent need for effective ZIKV treatments, as vaccine development is ongoing.
  • Sofosbuvir (SOF), an FDA-approved Hepatitis C drug, shows prior anti-ZIKV potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate Sofosbuvir's efficacy in protecting human neural cells from ZIKV.
  • To assess SOF's impact on viral burden and immune response in vitro and in vivo.
  • To determine SOF's safety and effectiveness in preventing vertical ZIKV transmission.

Main Methods:

  • Testing SOF protection on human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and 3D neurospheres against ZIKV.
  • Administering SOF post-infection (p.i.) in an immunodeficient mouse model to measure viral burden.
  • Treating pregnant dams with SOF p.i. to evaluate fetal outcomes and vertical transmission.

Main Results:

  • SOF protected human NPCs and neurospheres from ZIKV-induced cell death.
  • SOF treatment restored antiviral immune responses in infected NPCs.
  • In vivo, SOF reduced viral burden in mice and prevented ZIKV transmission to fetuses in pregnant dams.

Conclusions:

  • Sofosbuvir effectively spares human neural cells from ZIKV-mediated damage in vitro.
  • SOF demonstrates efficacy in reducing viral load and preventing vertical transmission in vivo.
  • These findings support Sofosbuvir as a potential therapeutic agent against Zika virus infection.