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LeafJ: An ImageJ Plugin for Semi-automated Leaf Shape Measurement
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Morphometrics Reveals Complex and Heritable Apple Leaf Shapes.

Zoë Migicovsky1, Mao Li2, Daniel H Chitwood3,4

  • 1Department of Plant, Food and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|January 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Apple leaf shape variation, driven by width, is heritable and detectable with advanced morphometric techniques like elliptical Fourier descriptors (EFDs) and persistent homology (PH). These methods capture complex traits missed by simple measurements.

Keywords:
Malus domesticaappleelliptical Fourier descriptorsleaf shapemorphometricspersistent homology

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genetics
  • Quantitative genetics
  • Agricultural science

Background:

  • Leaf shape in apple (Malus spp.) is crucial for flowering and potentially other valuable agricultural traits.
  • Understanding leaf morphology can provide insights into genetic diversity and breeding potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the sources of leaf shape variation in apple accessions.
  • To assess the heritability of complex leaf shape phenotypes using advanced morphometric techniques.
  • To correlate morphometric data with genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 9,000 leaves from 869 apple accessions using linear measurements and comprehensive morphometrics.
  • Quantification of shape variation using elliptical Fourier descriptors (EFDs) and persistent homology (PH).
  • Genome-wide association study linking morphometric data with over 122,000 SNPs.

Main Results:

  • Allometric variation in apple leaf shape was primarily due to differences in leaf blade width, not length, affecting aspect ratios.
  • Aspect ratio strongly correlated with the first principal component (PC1) of morphometric variation.
  • Higher principal components captured complex shape variations missed by linear measurements.
  • Significant SNP heritability was observed even for later principal components, indicating heritable complex traits.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced morphometric techniques like EFDs and PH are essential for capturing complex, heritable leaf shape variation in apple.
  • These methods reveal biological variation that traditional linear measurements alone cannot detect.
  • Comprehensive morphometrics combined with genomic data offer powerful tools for apple breeding and trait discovery.