Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 15, 2026
09:00
Author Spotlight: Quantifying Pain Experience – An Illustrative Approach Using the Pain Body Diagram
Published on: July 7, 2023
4.6K
The future of pain pharmacy: driven by need
Timothy J Atkinson1, Alev H Gulum1, William G Forkum1
1Veteran Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Murfreesboro, TN, USA.
Integrated Pharmacy Research & Practice
|January 23, 2018
Summary
The demand for pain specialists, particularly in chronic pain management, is high, but current pharmacy residency training programs inadequately prepare specialists for this need. Expansion of postgraduate year two (PGY-2) programs is crucial.
Area of Science:
- Pain Management
- Clinical Pharmacy
- Residency Training Programs
Background:
- Opioid prescribing has surged, leading to increased overdose deaths.
- Growing evidence of opioid side effects necessitates reduced doses and more pain specialists.
- Healthcare professionals face challenges in meeting the rising demand for pain specialists.
Purpose of the Study:
- Highlight the role of clinical pharmacy specialists in pain management.
- Discuss available pain management residency training programs and subspecialties.
- Identify gaps in current training to meet the demand for pain specialists.
Main Methods:
- Surveyed all 11 accredited PGY-2 Pain and Palliative Care Residency programs in the US.
- Collected data on rotations, practice areas, and inpatient/outpatient focus.
- Reviewed literature to identify areas with the greatest need for future pain specialists.
Main Results:
- Pharmacy pain specialists are effective in interdisciplinary pain management teams.
- Most PGY-2 programs emphasize acute pain or palliative care, with limited chronic pain training.
- Only a small fraction of programs dedicate significant time or identify chronic pain as a primary practice setting.
Conclusions:
- There is a critical unmet need for chronic pain management specialists.
- Current residency training structures do not align with the demand for chronic pain expertise.
- Expanding PGY-2 programs and enhancing didactic education is essential to address this disparity.
Related Concept Videos
01:20Pain
1.5K
Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
1.5K
01:27ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview
10.0K
ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and...
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and...
10.0K
01:25Analgesia and Pain Management
2.0K
Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
2.0K
02:03Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources
27.0K
The xylem of vascular plants distributes water and dissolved minerals that are taken up by the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that transport xylem sap are dead upon maturity, and the movement of xylem sap is a passive process.
27.0K
01:34ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps
6.5K
The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...
6.5K
01:30ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps
4.9K
V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma membranes of a few specialized eukaryotic cells, and some prokaryotes. They are also known as the V1Vo-ATPase, that couple ATP hydrolysis to transport protons against a concentration gradient.
The peripheral or cytosolic V1 domain with eight subunits is involved in ATP hydrolysis. The integral or transmembrane V0 domain containing at least five subunits...
The peripheral or cytosolic V1 domain with eight subunits is involved in ATP hydrolysis. The integral or transmembrane V0 domain containing at least five subunits...
4.9K