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Related Concept Videos

What is an Electrochemical Gradient?01:26

What is an Electrochemical Gradient?

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Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is considered the primary energy source in cells. However, energy can also be stored in the electrochemical gradient of an ion across the plasma membrane, which is determined by two factors: its chemical and electrical gradients.
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Structures of Solids02:22

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Electrochemical processes on solid shaped nanoparticles with defined facets.

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Area of Science:

  • Surface Science and Interface Science
  • Electrocatalysis
  • Nanocatalysis

Background:

  • The field of chemical reaction processes on solid surfaces is increasingly focused on electrified solid-liquid interfaces.
  • Operando studies of catalytically active, dynamic, non-equilibrium surface sites are gaining attention.
  • Catalytic structure sensitivity of well-defined nanoscale surfaces remains a key principle for shape-controlled nanocrystals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review scientific advances in electrocatalytic processes on nanoscale shape-controlled polyhedral solids over the past decade.
  • To highlight progress in wet-chemical synthesis of shaped nanocatalysts.
  • To discuss three priority areas of electrocatalysis: oxygen electroreduction, CO2 electroreduction, and oxygen evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature and advances.
  • Discussion of wet-chemical synthesis techniques for nanocatalysts.
  • Detailed examination of specific electrocatalytic reactions on shaped nanocrystals.

Main Results:

  • Progress in understanding electrocatalytic processes on shape-controlled nanocrystals.
  • Focus on oxygen electroreduction on Pt-Ni polyhedra for fuel cells.
  • Investigation of CO2 electroreduction on Cu polyhedra and oxygen evolution on transition metal oxides.

Conclusions:

  • Surface Science and thermal catalysis continue to significantly impact the emerging field of Interface Science.
  • Shape-controlled nanocatalysts are crucial for advancing electrocatalytic applications.
  • Understanding structure-property relationships in nanocatalysts is essential for optimizing reactions.