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Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
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Kinematic Equations for Rotation01:30

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In mechanics, when one observes a rigid body in rotational motion with constant angular acceleration, it is possible to establish equations for its rotational kinematics. This process resembles how linear kinematics are dealt with in simpler motion studies.
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Correction: Health and wellness in the Australian coal mining industry: An analysis of pre-post findings from the RESHAPE workplace health promotion program.

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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies
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Task rotation in an underground coal mine: A pilot study.

Olivia F Jones1, Carole L James1

  • 1School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia.

Work (Reading, Mass.)
|January 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Task rotation in coal mines improved worker well-being and job satisfaction. This strategy, involving three rotations during a 9-hour shift, proved feasible and beneficial for underground coal miners.

Keywords:
Job rotationmanual handlingwork tasks

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Area of Science:

  • Occupational Health
  • Ergonomics
  • Mining Engineering

Background:

  • Task rotation is a strategy to reduce workplace injuries and enhance job satisfaction.
  • Implementing task rotation in physically demanding industries like underground coal mining requires careful consideration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the feasibility, benefits, and challenges of implementing a task rotation schedule.
  • To evaluate the impact of task rotation on worker well-being in an Australian underground coal mine.

Main Methods:

  • A 6-month mixed-methods pilot study involving two work crews in an underground coal mine.
  • Utilized questionnaires (Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, Need for Recovery after Work Scale, WHOQOL-BREF) and focus groups.
  • Collected data at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months.

Main Results:

  • Twenty-seven participants completed the study.
  • The intervention group showed significant improvements in psychological and environmental domains of the WHOQOL-BREF.
  • Musculoskeletal pain (elbow, lower back, knee) was prevalent, but fatigue scores improved across groups.

Conclusions:

  • Task rotation was positively received by workers, offering psychological benefits.
  • Three task rotations within a 9-hour shift were found to be feasible and practical in this mining environment.
  • Task rotation can enhance work variety and improve the perception of shift duration.