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Lewis Acids and Bases02:33

Lewis Acids and Bases

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In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
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An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to numerous natural and technological processes, ranging from the chemical transformations within cells or lakes and oceans to the industrial-scale production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and other substances essential to the society.
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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
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A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.
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Acid-Base Titration Curves

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A titration curve is a plot of some solution property versus the amount of added titrant. For acid-base titrations, solution pH is a useful property to monitor because it varies predictably with the solution composition and, therefore, may be used to monitor the titration’s progress and detect its endpoint. Acid-base titration can be performed with a strong acid and a strong base, a strong acid and a weak base, or a strong base and a weak acid.
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Improving release completeness from PLGA-based implants for the acid-labile model protein ovalbumin.

Luisa Duque1, Martin Körber2, Roland Bodmeier1

  • 1College of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstrasse 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics
|January 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Hot melt extrusion successfully prepared poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) implants for ovalbumin delivery. Shellac incorporation improved protein release completeness to over 85% by protecting ovalbumin from acidic degradation.

Keywords:
Hot melt extrusionPoly(lactide-co-glycolide)Polymer implantsProtein formulationProtein stabilityRelease completeness

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Drug Delivery Systems
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) implants are used for controlled drug release.
  • Protein aggregation and incomplete release are challenges in PLGA-based implants.
  • Ovalbumin (OVA) stability and release kinetics require optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Assess hot melt extrusion (HME) feasibility for PLGA-OVA implants.
  • Characterize and enhance protein release profiles.
  • Investigate methods to prevent protein aggregation and ensure complete release.

Main Methods:

  • Hot melt extrusion (HME) of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and ovalbumin (OVA).
  • Inclusion of weak bases and shellac as excipients.
  • Characterization of protein release, aggregation, and implant degradation.
  • Analysis of the acidic microenvironment within the degrading matrix.

Main Results:

  • OVA remained stable during HME due to matrix protection.
  • Initial formulations showed incomplete OVA release and aggregation due to acidic degradation.
  • Weak bases offered partial improvement but did not fully resolve issues.
  • Shellac incorporation resulted in a triphasic release profile with >75% cumulative release.
  • Shellac protected OVA from the acidic microclimate, enabling >85% payload delivery.

Conclusions:

  • Hot melt extrusion is feasible for creating PLGA-OVA implants.
  • Shellac effectively protects ovalbumin from acidic degradation within PLGA implants.
  • Shellac enables a triphasic, controlled release profile with high completeness (>85%).
  • This approach offers a viable strategy for delivering acid-labile proteins.