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Updated: Feb 15, 2026
Conducting Multiple Imaging Modes with One Fluorescence Microscope
Published on: October 28, 2018
Testing the Impact of Mixed-Mode Designs (Mail and Web) and Multiple Contact Attempts within Mode (Mail or Web) on
Timothy J Beebe1, Robert M Jacobson2, Sarah M Jenkins3
1Division of Health Policy & Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
Objective:
To compare response rate and nonresponse bias across two mixed-mode survey designs and two single-mode designs.
Data Sources:
This experiment was embedded in a clinician survey of knowledge and attitudes regarding HPV vaccination (n = 275).
Study Design:
Clinicians were randomly assigned one of two mixed-mode (mail/web or web/mail) or single-mode designs (mail-only/web-only). Differences in response rate and nonresponse bias were assessed.
Principal Findings:
Using a multiple-contact protocol increased response, and sending a web survey first provided the more rapid response. Overall, the mixed-mode survey designs generated final response rates approximately 10 percentage points higher than their single-mode counterparts, although only the final response differences between the mail-only and web/mail conditions attained statistical significance (32.1 percent vs. 48 percent, respectively; p = .005). Observed differences did not result in nonresponse bias.
Conclusions:
Results support mixing modes of survey administration and web-based data collection in a multiple contact survey data collection protocol.
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