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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Primary Production01:06

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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
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Structural Steel Products01:24

Structural Steel Products

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Structural steel products are created within a structural mill. The process begins with a beam blank that is reheated and then fed through a series of rollers. These rollers progressively shape the metal into its final form. Adjusting the spacings between the rollers allows for the production of different sections with the same nominal dimensions.
Once shaped, the steel's final form emerges as a continuous length, which is then segmented by a hot saw into manageable pieces. These segments...
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Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Laboratory Estimation of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies of PCB Congeners to Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush from Its Prey
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Regulation of Lake Primary Productivity by Food Web Structure.

S R Carpenter, J F Kitchell, J R Hodgson

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    This study shows that fish populations significantly influence zooplankton and phytoplankton. Manipulating fish levels revealed that food web interactions and abiotic factors equally regulate primary productivity in lakes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Aquatic Ecology
    • Limnology
    • Ecosystem Dynamics

    Background:

    • Trophic cascades, driven by predator-prey interactions, are key in structuring aquatic ecosystems.
    • The role of higher trophic levels, particularly fish, in regulating lower trophic levels (zooplankton, phytoplankton) requires further investigation.
    • Understanding food web dynamics is crucial for predicting lake ecosystem responses to environmental changes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To test the hypothesis that higher trophic levels regulate zooplankton and phytoplankton community structure, biomass, and primary productivity.
    • To investigate the hierarchical control of primary production by abiotic factors and fish predation.
    • To elucidate the impact of fish population manipulations on lake food webs.

    Main Methods:

    • Whole-lake fish population manipulations were conducted over two years across three distinct lakes.
    • Experimental designs included piscivore addition/reduction and planktivore addition/reduction.
    • Zooplankton and phytoplankton community structure, biomass, and primary productivity were monitored.

    Main Results:

    • Abiotic factors and fish predation exerted hierarchical control over primary production.
    • In Tuesday Lake, increased piscivore and decreased planktivore populations led to higher zooplankton biomass, a shift to cladocerans, and reduced algal biomass and productivity.
    • In Peter Lake, decreased piscivore and increased planktivore populations resulted in increased zooplankton biomass, dominance of large cladocerans, and elevated algal biomass and primary production.

    Conclusions:

    • Both food web effects (fish predation) and abiotic factors are equally potent regulators of lake primary production.
    • Variability in fish populations can significantly influence lower trophic levels and contribute to unexplained variance in lake productivity.
    • Fish-mediated trophic cascades play a critical role in shaping lake ecosystem structure and function.