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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Development of Compendium for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Solid type primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma in a cat.

Darja Pavlin1, Tamara Dolenšek2, Tanja Švara2

  • 1University of Ljubljana, Veterinary faculty, Small Animal Clinic, Gerbičeva, 60, Ljubljana, Slovenia. darja.pavlin@vf.uni-lj.si.

BMC Veterinary Research
|January 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in cats can occur within the jawbone. This case report identifies a rare solid type primary intraosseous SCC (PIOSCC) in a cat, distinct from typical oral tumors.

Keywords:
CatOdontogenic oral tumorsPrimary intraosseous squamous cell carcinomaSquamous cell carcinoma

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Oncology
  • Comparative Pathology

Background:

  • Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common nonodontogenic oral tumor in felines.
  • Intraosseous SCC of the jaw typically presents as an ulceroproliferative lesion with bone enlargement.

Observation:

  • A cat presented with mandibular swelling and radiographic findings suggesting an aggressive process.
  • The oral mucosa remained unaffected, differentiating it from typical presentations.

Findings:

  • Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed SCC within the intraosseous lesion.
  • The feline SCC exhibited features similar to human primary intraosseous SCC (PIOSCC).

Implications:

  • Proposes the term 'solid type primary intraosseous SCC' (PIOSCC) for this specific feline neoplasm.
  • Highlights the importance of considering rare intraosseous tumors in feline oral oncology.
  • Suggests PIOSCC in cats may share etiological or pathological similarities with its human counterpart.