Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Multiple Allele Traits01:49

Multiple Allele Traits

38.3K
The Concept of Multiple Allelism
38.3K
Multiple Regression01:25

Multiple Regression

4.0K
Multiple regression assesses a linear relationship between one response or dependent variable and two or more independent variables. It has many practical applications.
Farmers can use multiple regression to determine the crop yield based on more than one factor, such as water availability, fertilizer, soil properties, etc. Here, the crop yield is the response or dependent variable as it depends on the other independent variables. The analysis requires the construction of a scatter plot...
4.0K
Multiple Voltage Sources01:25

Multiple Voltage Sources

1.8K
Generally, a single battery is not enough to power some devices. In such cases, batteries can be combined in two ways: in series or in parallel.
In series, the positive terminal of one battery is connected to the negative terminal of another battery. Hence, the voltage of each battery is added to give the net voltage, which is increased because each battery boosts the electrons that enter it. The same current flows through each battery because they are connected in series.
Batteries are...
1.8K
Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings01:11

Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings

497
When a rod is made of different materials or has various cross-sections, it must be divided into parts that meet the necessary conditions for determining the deformation. These parts are each characterized by their internal force, cross-sectional area, length, and modulus of elasticity. These parameters are then used to compute the deformation of the entire rod.
In the case of a member with a variable cross-section, the strain is not constant but depends on the position. The deformation of an...
497
Multiple Bar Graph01:07

Multiple Bar Graph

10.2K
As the name suggests, a multiple bar graph is the same as a bar graph but has multiple bars to depict relationships between different data values. One can include as many parameters as possible. However, each parameter must have the same unit of measurement.
Each bar or column in the multiple bar graph represents a data value. These graphs are used primarily in interrelating two or more sets of data. The categories of different kinds of data are listed along the horizontal or x-axis, whereas...
10.2K
Multiple Comparison Tests01:13

Multiple Comparison Tests

4.5K
Multiple comparison test, abbreviated as MCT, is a post hoc analysis generally performed after comparing multiple samples with one or more tests. An MCT will help identify a significantly different sample among multiple samples or a factor among multiple factors.
It would be easy to compare two samples using a significance alpha level of 0.05. In other words, there is only one sample pair to be compared. However, it would be difficult to identify a significantly different sample if the number...
4.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Single-cell eQTL mapping reveals convergent glial-neuronal risk architecture in Parkinson's disease.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Experimental and computational methods for allelic imbalance analysis from single-nucleus RNA-seq data.

Genome biology·2026
Same author

Experimental and Computational Methods for Allelic Imbalance Analysis from Single-Nucleus RNA-seq Data.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024
Same author

Human regulatory memory B cells defined by expression of TIM-1 and TIGIT are dysfunctional in multiple sclerosis.

Frontiers in immunology·2024
Same author

Preserved T cell but attenuated antibody response in MS patients on fingolimod and ocrelizumab following 2nd and 3rd SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine.

Multiple sclerosis journal - experimental, translational and clinical·2023
Same author

Safety and activity of anti-CD14 antibody IC14 (atibuclimab) in ALS: Experience with expanded access protocol.

Muscle & nerve·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

12.1K

Effector T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis.

Belinda J Kaskow1, Clare Baecher-Allan2

  • 1Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
|January 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) research traditionally focused on CD4 T cells. However, emerging evidence highlights CD8 T cells as key players in the human disease, challenging previous understandings of MS pathogenesis.

More Related Videos

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
11:35

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Published on: June 30, 2014

58.8K
A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Multiple Sclerosis MS
08:18

A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Multiple Sclerosis MS

Published on: December 26, 2015

18.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

12.1K
The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
11:35

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Published on: June 30, 2014

58.8K
A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Multiple Sclerosis MS
08:18

A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Multiple Sclerosis MS

Published on: December 26, 2015

18.1K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Immunology
  • T-cell biology

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been primarily viewed as a CD4 T-cell mediated autoimmune disease.
  • Genetic predisposition, particularly the MHC class II locus, and the roles of T helper (Th)1 (IFN-γ) and Th17 (IL-17) cytokines support this view.
  • Effector CD4 T cells and their associated cytokines are implicated in MS pathogenesis, evidenced by their presence in the central nervous system (CNS) and animal models like EAE.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the accumulating evidence suggesting a significant role for CD8 T cells in human MS pathogenesis.
  • To contrast the role of CD8 T cells in human MS with findings from animal models.
  • To discuss the implications of CD8 T-cell resistance to regulatory mechanisms in MS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing clinical trial data and research findings on T-cell populations in MS patients.
  • Analysis of studies on animal models of MS (e.g., EAE).
  • Examination of T-cell infiltration in CNS tissue, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood.

Main Results:

  • CD8 T cells are identified as the predominant T-cell type in the CNS of MS patients, contrary to most animal models.
  • Patient-derived effector T cells demonstrate resistance to dominant tolerance mechanisms, including regulatory T cell (Treg) interactions.
  • This resistance may contribute to dysregulated effector T-cell activity in MS.

Conclusions:

  • The role of CD8 T cells in MS pathogenesis warrants further investigation.
  • Understanding CD8 T-cell involvement may offer new therapeutic targets for MS.
  • The findings challenge the traditional CD4 T-cell-centric model of MS and highlight the complexity of immune responses in the disease.