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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Movement joints in buildings are essential design elements that accommodate inevitable motions caused by various factors such as temperature changes, moisture content variations, and structural deflections. These motions, if not considered in design and construction, can lead to unsightly or dangerous damage. Movement joints are incorporated in different forms to manage these stresses and allow materials to move without causing distress.
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Building stones, essential materials for construction, are extracted from natural rock deposits and processed into specific forms and dimensions suitable for various building applications. These stones are broadly classified into three types based on their geological formation: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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As the construction industry moves towards more eco-friendly practices, concrete's adaptability and its ability to incorporate sustainable features make it a key material in the drive towards greener building solutions.
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Building separation joints divide large or complex building structures into smaller, discrete units that can move independently. These joints are categorized into three types: volume-change joints, settlement joints, and seismic separation joints.
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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Ubiquitin Chain Analysis by Parallel Reaction Monitoring
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Building and decoding ubiquitin chains for mitophagy.

J Wade Harper1, Alban Ordureau1, Jin-Mi Heo1

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
|January 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Damaged mitochondria are cleared by mitophagy, a process involving PINK1 and parkin. This pathway is crucial for neuronal survival and has implications for neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson disease.

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Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome
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Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Mitochondria generate cellular energy through oxidative phosphorylation.
  • Defects in mitochondria can lead to the production of harmful reactive oxygen species.
  • Efficient removal of damaged mitochondria via mitophagy is essential for cellular health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of ubiquitin-dependent marking of damaged mitochondria for mitophagy.
  • To discuss the roles of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin in this process.
  • To explore the implications of mitophagy for neurodegenerative diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Cell biological approaches
  • Structural biology techniques
  • Proteomic analyses

Main Results:

  • Ubiquitin-dependent signals mark damaged mitochondria for mitophagy.
  • PINK1 and parkin mediate the conjugation of ubiquitin to damaged mitochondria.
  • Ubiquitin chains facilitate autophagosomal capture of mitochondria.
  • PINK1 and parkin also suppress mitochondrial antigen presentation, aiding neuronal survival.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding mitophagy mechanisms, particularly the roles of PINK1 and parkin, is key to addressing neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Defects in mitophagy are implicated in Parkinson disease pathogenesis.
  • Alternative roles of PINK1 and parkin in neuronal survival pathways are emerging.