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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Non-contact, Label-free Monitoring of Cells and Extracellular Matrix using Raman Spectroscopy
Published on: May 29, 2012
A simple and fast method for discrimination of phage and antibiotic contaminants in raw milk by using Raman
Esra Acar-Soykut1, Emine Kubra Tayyarcan2, Ismail Hakki Boyaci2
11Food Research Center, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
Abstract:
Phage and antibiotic in raw milk poses significant risks for starter culture activity in fermented products. Therefore, rapid detection of phage and antibiotic contaminations in raw milk is a crucial process in dairy science. For this purpose, a preliminary novel method for detection of phage and antibiotic was developed by using Raman spectroscopy. Streptococcus thermophilus phages and ampicillin which are quite important elements in dairy industry were used as model. The phage and antibiotic samples were added to raw milk separately, and Raman measurements were carried out. The obtained spectra were processed with a chemometric method. In this study, it has been demonstrated that the presence of phage has a titer sufficient to stop the fermentation (107 pfu/ml), and antibiotic in a concentration which inhibits the growth of starter cultures (0.5 µg/ml) in raw milk could be discriminated through Raman spectroscopy with a short analysis time (30 min).
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